Manuale PHP
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# CXLIV. Stream Functions

# Introduzione

Streams were introduced with PHP 4.3.0 as a way of generalizing file, network, data compression, and other operations which share a common set of functions and uses. In its simplest definition, a stream is a resource object which exhibits streamable behavior. That is, it can be read from or written to in a linear fashion, and may be able to fseek() to an arbitrary locations within the stream.

A wrapper is additional code which tells the stream how to handle specific protocols/encodings. For example, the http wrapper knows how to translate a URL into an HTTP/1.0 request for a file on a remote server. There are many wrappers built into PHP by default (See Appendice M), and additional, custom wrappers may be added either within a PHP script using stream_wrapper_register(), or directly from an extension using the API Reference in Capitolo 44. Because any variety of wrapper may be added to PHP, there is no set limit on what can be done with them. To access the list of currently registered wrappers, use stream_get_wrappers().

A stream is referenced as: scheme://target

- scheme(string) - The name of the wrapper to be used. Examples include: file, http, https, ftp, ftps, compress.zlib, compress.bz2, and php. See Appendice M for a list of PHP builtin wrappers. If no wrapper is specified, the function default is used (typically file://).

- target - Depends on the wrapper used. For filesystem related streams this is typically a path and filename of the desired file. For network related streams this is typically a hostname, often with a path appended. Again, see Appendice M for a description of targets for builtin streams.

# Stream Filters

A filter is a final piece of code which may perform operations on data as it is being read from or written to a stream. Any number of filters may be stacked onto a stream. Custom filters can be defined in a PHP script using stream_filter_register() or in an extension using the API Reference in Capitolo 44. To access the list of currently registered filters, use stream_get_filters().

# Stream Contexts

A context is a set of parameters and wrapper specific options which modify or enhance the behavior of a stream. Contexts are created using stream_context_create() and can be passed to most filesystem related stream creation functions (i.e. fopen(), file(), file_get_contents(), etc...).

Options can be specified when calling stream_context_create(), or later using stream_context_set_option(). A list of wrapper specific options can be found with the list of built-in wrappers (See Appendice M).

In addition, parameters may be set on a context using stream_context_set_params(). Currently the only context parameter supported by PHP is notification. The value of this parameter must be the name of a function to be called when an event occurs on a stream. The notification function called during an event should accept the following six parameters:

void my_notifier ( int notification_code, int severity, string message, int message_code, int bytes_transferred, int bytes_max )

notification_code and severity are numerical values which correspond to the `STREAM_NOTIFY_*` constants listed below. If a descriptive message is available from the stream, message and message_code will be populated with the appropriate values. The meaning of these values is dependent on the specific wrapper in use. bytes_transferred and bytes_max will be populated when applicable.

# Installazione

Streams are an integral part of PHP as of version 4.3.0. No steps are required to enable them.

# Stream Classes

User designed wrappers can be registered via stream_wrapper_register(), using the class definition shown on that manual page.

class php_user_filter is predefined and is an abstract baseclass for use with user defined filters. See the manual page for stream_filter_register() for details on implementing user defined filters.

# Costanti predefinite

Queste costanti sono definite da questa estensione e sono disponibili solo se l'estensione è stata compilata nel PHP o se è stata caricata dinamicamente a runtime.

Constant | Description
--- | ---
`STREAM_FILTER_READ` * | Used with stream_filter_append() and stream_filter_prepend() to indicate that the specified filter should only be applied when reading
`STREAM_FILTER_WRITE` * | Used with stream_filter_append() and stream_filter_prepend() to indicate that the specified filter should only be applied when writing
`STREAM_FILTER_ALL` * | This constant is equivalent to `STREAM_FILTER_READ` | `STREAM_FILTER_WRITE`
`PSFS_PASS_ON` * | Return Code indicating that the userspace filter returned buckets in $out.
`PSFS_FEED_ME` * | Return Code indicating that the userspace filter did not return buckets in $out (i.e. No data available).
`PSFS_ERR_FATAL` * | Return Code indicating that the userspace filter encountered an unrecoverable error (i.e. Invalid data received).
`STREAM_USE_PATH` | Flag indicating if the stream used the include path.
`STREAM_REPORT_ERRORS` | Flag indicating if the wrapper is responsible for raising errors using trigger_error() during opening of the stream. If this flag is not set, you should not raise any errors.
`STREAM_CLIENT_ASYNC_CONNECT` * | Open client socket asynchronously. This option must be used together with the `STREAM_CLIENT_CONNECT` flag. Used with stream_socket_client().
`STREAM_CLIENT_CONNECT` * | Open client socket connection. Client sockets should always include this flag. Used with stream_socket_client().
`STREAM_CLIENT_PERSISTENT` * | Client socket opened with stream_socket_client() should remain persistent between page loads.
`STREAM_SERVER_BIND` * | Tells a stream created with stream_socket_server() to bind to the specified target. Server sockets should always include this flag.
`STREAM_SERVER_LISTEN` * | Tells a stream created with stream_socket_server() and bound using the `STREAM_SERVER_BIND` flag to start listening on the socket. Connection-orientated transports (such as TCP) must use this flag, otherwise the server socket will not be enabled. Using this flag for connect-less transports (such as UDP) is an error.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_RESOLVE` * | A remote address required for this stream has been resolved, or the resolution failed. See severity for an indication of which happened.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_CONNECT` | A connection with an external resource has been established.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_AUTH_REQUIRED` | Additional authorization is required to access the specified resource. Typical issued with severity level of `STREAM_NOTIFY_SEVERITY_ERR`.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_MIME_TYPE_IS` | The mime-type of resource has been identified, refer to message for a description of the discovered type.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_FILE_SIZE_IS` | The size of the resource has been discovered.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_REDIRECTED` | The external resource has redirected the stream to an alternate location. Refer to message.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_PROGRESS` | Indicates current progress of the stream transfer in bytes_transferred and possibly bytes_max as well.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_COMPLETED` * | There is no more data available on the stream.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_FAILURE` | A generic error occurred on the stream, consult message and message_code for details.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_AUTH_RESULT` | Authorization has been completed (with or without success).
`STREAM_NOTIFY_SEVERITY_INFO` | Normal, non-error related, notification.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_SEVERITY_WARN` | Non critical error condition. Processing may continue.
`STREAM_NOTIFY_SEVERITY_ERR` | A critical error occurred. Processing cannot continue.
`STREAM_IPPROTO_ICMP` + | Provides a ICMP socket.
`STREAM_IPPROTO_IP` + | Provides a IP socket.
`STREAM_IPPROTO_RAW` + | Provides a RAW socket.
`STREAM_IPPROTO_TCP` + | Provides a TCP socket.
`STREAM_IPPROTO_UDP` + | Provides a UDP socket.
`STREAM_PF_INET` + | Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4).
`STREAM_PF_INET6` + | Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).
`STREAM_PF_UNIX` + | Unix system internal protocols.
`STREAM_SOCK_DGRAM` + | Provides datagrams, which are connectionless messages (UDP, for example).
`STREAM_SOCK_RAW` + | Provides a raw socket, which provides access to internal network protocols and interfaces. Usually this type of socket is just available to the root user.
`STREAM_SOCK_RDM` + | Provides a RDM (Reliably-delivered messages) socket.
`STREAM_SOCK_SEQPACKET` + | Provides a sequenced packet stream socket.
`STREAM_SOCK_STREAM` + | Provides sequenced, two-way byte streams with a transmission mechanism for out-of-band data (TCP, for example).

> Nota: The constants marked with * are just available since PHP 5.0.0.

> Nota: The constants marked with + are available since PHP 5.1.0 and are meant to be used with stream_socket_pair(). Please note that some of these constants might not be available in your system.

# Stream Errors

As with any file or socket related function, an operation on a stream may fail for a variety of normal reasons (i.e.: Unable to connect to remote host, file not found, etc...). A stream related call may also fail because the desired stream is not registered on the running system. See the array returned by stream_get_wrappers() for a list of streams supported by your installation of PHP. As with most PHP internal functions if a failure occurs an `E_WARNING` message will be generated describing the nature of the error.

# Esempi

Esempio 1. Using file_get_contents() to retrieve data from multiple sources

`<?php
/* Read local file from /home/bar */
$localfile = file_get_contents("/home/bar/foo.txt");
/* Identical to above, explicitly naming FILE scheme */
$localfile = file_get_contents("file:///home/bar/foo.txt");
/* Read remote file from www.example.com using HTTP */
$httpfile = file_get_contents("http://www.example.com/foo.txt");
/* Read remote file from www.example.com using HTTPS */
$httpsfile = file_get_contents("https://www.example.com/foo.txt");
/* Read remote file from ftp.example.com using FTP */
$ftpfile = file_get_contents("ftp://user:pass@ftp.example.com/foo.txt");
/* Read remote file from ftp.example.com using FTPS */
$ftpsfile = file_get_contents("ftps://user:pass@ftp.example.com/foo.txt");
?>`

Esempio 2. Making a POST request to an https server

`<?php
/* Send POST request to https://secure.example.com/form_action.php
* Include form elements named "foo" and "bar" with dummy values
*/
$sock = fsockopen("ssl://secure.example.com", 443, $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$sock) die("$errstr ($errno)\n");
$data = "foo=" . urlencode("Value for Foo") . "&bar=" . urlencode("Value for Bar");
fwrite($sock, "POST /form_action.php HTTP/1.0\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "Host: secure.example.com\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "Content-length: " . strlen($data) . "\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "Accept: */*\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "$data\r\n");
fwrite($sock, "\r\n");
$headers = "";
while ($str = trim(fgets($sock, 4096)))
$headers .= "$str\n";
echo "\n";
$body = "";
while (!feof($sock))
$body .= fgets($sock, 4096);
fclose($sock);
?>`

Esempio 3. Writing data to a compressed file

`<?php /* Create a compressed file containing an arbitrarty string * File can be read back using compress.zlib stream or just * decompressed from the command line using 'gzip -d foo-bar.txt.gz' */ $fp = fopen("compress.zlib://foo-bar.txt.gz", "wb"); if (!$fp) die("Unable to create file."); fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n"); fclose($fp); ?>`

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