Chapter 8. Client and Utility Programs
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## Chapter 8. Client and Utility Programs

There are many different MySQL client programs that connect to the server to access databases or perform administrative tasks. Other utilities are available as well. These do not establish a client connection with the server but perform MySQL-related operations.

This chapter provides a brief overview of these programs and then a more detailed description of each one. Each program's description indicates its invocation syntax and the options that it understands. See Chapter 4, Using MySQL Programs, for general information on invoking programs and specifying program options.

## 8.1. Overview of Client and Utility Programs

The following list briefly describes the MySQL client programs and utilities:

- my_print_defaults

  A utility that are present in option groups of option files. See Section 8.2, “my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files”.

- myisam_ftdump

  A utility that displays information about full-text indexes in `MyISAM` tables. See Section 8.3, “myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information”.

- myisamchk

  A utility to describe, check, optimize, and repair `MyISAM` tables. See Section 8.4, “myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility”.

- myisamlog

  A utility that processes the contents of a `MyISAM` log file. See Section 8.5, “myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents”.

- myisampack

  A utility that compresses `MyISAM` tables to produce smaller read-only tables. See Section 8.6, “myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables”.

- mysql

  The command-line tool for interactively entering SQL statements or executing them from a file in batch mode. See Section 8.7, “mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool”.

- mysql_explain_log

  A utility that analyzes queries in the MySQL query log using `EXPLAIN` See Section 8.8, “mysql_explain_log — Use EXPLAIN on Statements in Query Log”.

- mysqlaccess

  A script that checks the access privileges for a hostname, username, and database combination. See Section 8.9, “mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges”.

- mysqladmin

  A client that performs administrative operations, such as creating or dropping databases, reloading the grant tables, flushing tables to disk, and reopening log files. mysqladmin can also be used to retrieve version, process, and status information from the server. See Section 8.10, “mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server”.

- mysqlbinlog

  A utility for reading statements from a binary log. The log of executed statements contained in the binary log files can be used to help recover from a crash. See Section 8.11, “mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files”.

- mysqlcheck

  A table-maintenance client that checks, repairs, analyzes, and optimizes tables. See Section 8.12, “mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance and Repair Program”.

- mysqldump

  A client that dumps a MySQL database into a file as SQL, text, or XML. See Section 8.13, “mysqldump — A Database Backup Program”.

- mysqlhotcopy

  A utility that quickly makes backups of `MyISAM` tables while the server is running. See Section 8.14, “mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program”.

- mysqlimport

  A client that imports text files into their respective tables using `LOAD DATA INFILE`. See Section 8.15, “mysqlimport — A Data Import Program”.

- mysqlshow

  A client that displays information about databases, tables, columns, and indexes. See Section 8.16, “mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information”.

- mysql_zap

  A utility that kills processes that match a pattern. Section 8.17, “mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern”.

- perror

  A utility that displays the meaning of system or MySQL error codes. See Section 8.18, “perror — Explain Error Codes”.

- replace

  A utility program that performs string replacement in the input text. See Section 8.19, “replace — A String-Replacement Utility”.

MySQL AB also provides a number of GUI tools for administering and otherwise working with MySQL servers. For basic information about these, see Chapter 4, Using MySQL Programs.

Each MySQL program takes many different options. Most programs provide a `--help` option that you can use to get a full description of the program's different options. For example, try mysql --help.

MySQL client programs that communicate with the server using the MySQL client/server library use the following environment variables:

`MYSQL_UNIX_PORT` | The default Unix socket file; used for connections to `localhost`
`MYSQL_TCP_PORT` | The default port number; used for TCP/IP connections
`MYSQL_PWD` | The default password
`MYSQL_DEBUG` | Debug trace options when debugging
`TMPDIR` | The directory where temporary tables and files are created

Use of `MYSQL_PWD` is insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

You can override the default option values or values specified in environment variables for all standard programs by specifying options in an option file or on the command line. See Section 4.3, “Specifying Program Options”.

## 8.2. my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files

my_print_defaults displays the options that are present in option groups of option files. The output indicates what options will be used by programs that read the specified option groups. For example, the mysqlcheck program reads the `[mysqlcheck]` and `[client]` option groups. To see what options are present in those groups in the standard option files, invoke my_print_defaults like this:

    shell> my_print_defaults mysqlcheck client
    --user=myusername
    --password=secret
    --host=localhost

The output consists of options, one per line, in the form that they would be specified on the command line.

`my_print_defaults` understands the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--config-file=`file_name``, `--defaults-file=`file_name``, `-c `file_name``

  Read only the given option file.

- `--debug=`debug_options`, -# `debug_options``

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`. The default is `'d:t:o,/tmp/my_print_defaults.trace'`.

- `--defaults-extra-file=`file_name``, `--extra-file=`file_name``, `-e `file_name``

  Read this option file after the global option file but (on Unix) before the user option file.

- `--defaults-group-suffix=`suffix``, `-g `suffix``

  In addition to the groups named on the command line, read groups that have the given suffix.

- `--no-defaults`, `-n`

  Return an empty string.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

## 8.3. myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information

myisam_ftdump displays information about `FULLTEXT` indexes in `MyISAM` tables. It reads the `MyISAM` index file directly, so it must be run on the server host where the table is located

Invoke myisam_ftdump like this:

    shell> myisam_ftdump [options] tbl_name index_num

The `tbl_name` argument should be the name of a `MyISAM` table. You can also specify a table by naming its index file (the file with the `.MYI` suffix). If you do not invoke myisam_ftdump in the directory where the table files are located, the table or index file name name must be preceded by the pathname to the table's database directory. Index numbers begin with 0.

Example: Suppose that the `test` database contains a table named `mytexttablel` that has the following definition:

    CREATE TABLE mytexttable
    (
      id   INT NOT NULL,
      txt  TEXT NOT NULL,
      PRIMARY KEY (id),
      FULLTEXT (txt)
    );

The index on `id` is index 0 and the `FULLTEXT` index on `txt` is index 1. If your working directory is the `test` database directory, invoke myisam_ftdump as follows:

    shell> myisam_ftdump mytexttable 1

If the pathname to the `test` database directory is `/usr/local/mysql/data/test`, you can also specify the table name argument using that pathname. This is useful if you do not invoke myisam_ftdump in the database directory:

    shell> myisam_ftdump /usr/local/mysql/data/test/mytexttable 1

myisam_ftdump understands the following options:

- `--help`, `-h` `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--count`, `-c`

  Calculate per-word statistics (counts and global weights).

- `--dump`, `-d`

  Dump the index, including data offsets and word weights.

- `--length`, `-l`

  Report the length distribution.

- `--stats`, `-s`

  Report global index statistics. This is the default operation if no other operation is specified.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more output about what the program does.

## 8.4. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility

The myisamchk utility gets information about your database tables or checks, repairs, or optimizes them. myisamchk works with `MyISAM` tables (tables that have `.MYD` and `.MYI` files for storing data and indexes).

Invoke myisamchk like this:

    shell> myisamchk [options] tbl_name ...

The `options` specify what you want myisamchk to do. They are described in the following sections. You can also get a list of options by invoking myisamchk --help.

With no options, myisamchk simply checks your table as the default operation. To get more information or to tell myisamchk to take corrective action, specify options as described in the following discussion.

`tbl_name` is the database table you want to check or repair. If you run myisamchk somewhere other than in the database directory, you must specify the path to the database directory, because myisamchk has no idea where the database is located. In fact, myisamchk doesn't actually care whether the files you are working on are located in a database directory. You can copy the files that correspond to a database table into some other location and perform recovery operations on them there.

You can name several tables on the myisamchk command line if you wish. You can also specify a table by naming its index file (the file with the `.MYI` suffix). This allows you to specify all tables in a directory by using the pattern `*.MYI`. For example, if you are in a database directory, you can check all the `MyISAM` tables in that directory like this:

    shell> myisamchk *.MYI

If you are not in the database directory, you can check all the tables there by specifying the path to the directory:

    shell> myisamchk /path/to/database_dir/*.MYI

You can even check all tables in all databases by specifying a wildcard with the path to the MySQL data directory:

    shell> myisamchk /path/to/datadir/*/*.MYI

The recommended way to quickly check all `MyISAM` tables is:

    shell> myisamchk --silent --fast /path/to/datadir/*/*.MYI

If you want to check all `MyISAM` tables and repair any that are corrupted, you can use the following command:

    shell> myisamchk --silent --force --fast --update-state \
              --key_buffer_size=64M --sort_buffer_size=64M \
              --read_buffer_size=1M --write_buffer_size=1M \
              /path/to/datadir/*/*.MYI

This command assumes that you have more than 64MB free. For more information about memory allocation with myisamchk, see Section 8.4.5, “myisamchk Memory Usage”.

You must ensure that no other program is using the tables while you are running myisamchk. Otherwise, when you run myisamchk, it may display the following error message:

    warning: clients are using or haven't closed the table properly

This means that you are trying to check a table that has been updated by another program (such as the mysqld server) that hasn't yet closed the file or that has died without closing the file properly.

If mysqld is running, you must force it to flush any table modifications that are still buffered in memory by using `FLUSH TABLES`. You should then ensure that no one is using the tables while you are running myisamchk. The easiest way to avoid this problem is to use `CHECK TABLE` instead of myisamchk to check tables.

### 8.4.1. myisamchk General Options

The options described in this section can be used for any type of table maintenance operation performed by myisamchk. The sections following this one describe options that pertain only to specific operations, such as table checking or repairing.

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--debug=`debug_options`, -# `debug_options``

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Write output only when errors occur. You can use `-s` twice (`-ss`) to make myisamchk very silent.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does. This can be used with `-d` and `-e`. Use `-v` multiple times (`-vv`, `-vvv`) for even more output.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

- `--wait`, `-w`

  Instead of terminating with an error if the table is locked, wait until the table is unlocked before continuing. Note that if you are running mysqld with external locking disabled, the table can be locked only by another myisamchk command.

You can also set the following variables by using `--`var_name`=`value`` syntax:

Variable | Default Value
`decode_bits` | 9
`ft_max_word_len` | version-dependent
`ft_min_word_len` | 4
`ft_stopword_file` | built-in list
`key_buffer_size` | 523264
`myisam_block_size` | 1024
`read_buffer_size` | 262136
`sort_buffer_size` | 2097144
`sort_key_blocks` | 16
`stats_method` | nulls_unequal
`write_buffer_size` | 262136

The possible myisamchk variables and their default values can be examined with myisamchk --help:

`sort_buffer_size` is used when the keys are repaired by sorting keys, which is the normal case when you use `--recover`.

`key_buffer_size` is used when you are checking the table with `--extend-check` or when the keys are repaired by inserting keys row by row into the table (like when doing normal inserts). Repairing through the key buffer is used in the following cases:

- You use `--safe-recover`.

- The temporary files needed to sort the keys would be more than twice as big as when creating the key file directly. This is often the case when you have large key values for `CHAR`, `VARCHAR`, or `TEXT` columns, because the sort operation needs to store the complete key values as it proceeds. If you have lots of temporary space and you can force myisamchk to repair by sorting, you can use the `--sort-recover` option.

Repairing through the key buffer takes much less disk space than using sorting, but is also much slower.

If you want a faster repair, set the `key_buffer_size` and `sort_buffer_size` variables to about 25% of your available memory. You can set both variables to large values, because only one of them is used at a time.

`myisam_block_size` is the size used for index blocks.

`stats_method` influences how `NULL` values are treated for index statistics collection when the `--analyze` option is given. It acts like the `myisam_stats_method` system variable. For more information, see the description of `myisam_stats_method` in Section 5.2.3, “System Variables”, and Section 7.4.7, “`MyISAM` Index Statistics Collection”. For MySQL 5.0, `stats_method` was added in MySQL 5.0.14. For older versions, the statistics collection method is equivalent to `nulls_equal`.

`ft_min_word_len` and `ft_max_word_len` indicate the minimum and maximum word length for `FULLTEXT` indexes. `ft_stopword_file` names the stopword file. These need to be set under the following circumstances.

If you use myisamchk to perform an operation that modifies table indexes (such as repair or analyze), the `FULLTEXT` indexes are rebuilt using the default full-text parameter values for minimum and maximum word length and the stopword file unless you specify otherwise. This can result in queries failing.

The problem occurs because these parameters are known only by the server. They are not stored in `MyISAM` index files. To avoid the problem if you have modified the minimum or maximum word length or the stopword file in the server, specify the same `ft_min_word_len`, `ft_max_word_len`, and `ft_stopword_file` values to myisamchk that you use for mysqld. For example, if you have set the minimum word length to 3, you can repair a table with myisamchk like this:

    shell> myisamchk --recover --ft_min_word_len=3 tbl_name.MYI

To ensure that myisamchk and the server use the same values for full-text parameters, you can place each one in both the `[mysqld]` and `[myisamchk]` sections of an option file:

    [mysqld]
    ft_min_word_len=3

    [myisamchk]
    ft_min_word_len=3

An alternative to using myisamchk is to use the `REPAIR TABLE`, `ANALYZE TABLE`, `OPTIMIZE TABLE`, or `ALTER TABLE`. These statements are performed by the server, which knows the proper full-text parameter values to use.

### 8.4.2. myisamchk Check Options

myisamchk supports the following options for table checking operations:

- `--check`, `-c`

  Check the table for errors. This is the default operation if you specify no option that selects an operation type explicitly.

- `--check-only-changed`, `-C`

  Check only tables that have changed since the last check.

- `--extend-check`, `-e`

  Check the table very thoroughly. This is quite slow if the table has many indexes. This option should only be used in extreme cases. Normally, myisamchk or myisamchk --medium-check should be able to determine whether there are any errors in the table.

  If you are using `--extend-check` and have plenty of memory, setting the `key_buffer_size` variable to a large value helps the repair operation run faster.

- `--fast`, `-F`

  Check only tables that haven't been closed properly.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Do a repair operation automatically if myisamchk finds any errors in the table. The repair type is the same as that specified with the `--recover` or `-r` option.

- `--information`, `-i`

  Print informational statistics about the table that is checked.

- `--medium-check`, `-m`

  Do a check that is faster than an `--extend-check` operation. This finds only 99.99% of all errors, which should be good enough in most cases.

- `--read-only`, `-T`

  Don't mark the table as checked. This is useful if you use myisamchk to check a table that is in use by some other application that doesn't use locking, such as mysqld when run with external locking disabled.

- `--update-state`, `-U`

  Store information in the `.MYI` file to indicate when the table was checked and whether the table crashed. This should be used to get full benefit of the `--check-only-changed` option, but you shouldn't use this option if the mysqld server is using the table and you are running it with external locking disabled.

### 8.4.3. myisamchk Repair Options

myisamchk supports the following options for table repair operations:

- `--backup`, `-B`

  Make a backup of the `.MYD` file as ``file_name`-`time`.BAK`

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--correct-checksum`

  Correct the checksum information for the table.

- `--data-file-length=`len`, -D `len``

  Maximum length of the data file (when re-creating data file when it is “full”).

- `--extend-check`, `-e`

  Do a repair that tries to recover every possible row from the data file. Normally, this also finds a lot of garbage rows. Don't use this option unless you are desperate.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Overwrite old intermediate files (files with names like ``tbl_name`.TMD`) instead of aborting.

- `--keys-used=`val``, `-k `val``

  For myisamchk, the option value is a bit-value that indicates which indexes to update. Each binary bit of the option value corresponds to a table index, where the first index is bit 0. An option value of 0 disables updates to all indexes, which can be used to get faster inserts. Deactivated indexes can be reactivated by using myisamchk -r.

- `--max-record-length=`len``

  Skip rows larger than the given length if myisamchk cannot allocate memory to hold them.

- `--parallel-recover`, `-p`

  Uses the same technique as `-r` and `-n`, but creates all the keys in parallel, using different threads. This is beta-quality code. Use at your own risk!

- `--quick`, `-q`

  Achieve a faster repair by not modifying the data file. You can specify this option twice to force myisamchk to modify the original data file in case of duplicate keys.

- `--recover`, `-r`

  Do a repair that can fix almost any problem except unique keys that aren't unique (which is an extremely unlikely error with `MyISAM` tables). If you want to recover a table, this is the option to try first. You should try `--safe-recover` only if myisamchk reports that the table can't be recovered using `--recover`. (In the unlikely case that `--recover` fails, the data file remains intact.)

  If you have lots of memory, you should increase the value of `sort_buffer_size`.

- `--safe-recover`, `-o`

  Do a repair using an old recovery method that reads through all rows in order and updates all index trees based on the rows found. This is an order of magnitude slower than `--recover`, but can handle a couple of very unlikely cases that `--recover` cannot. This recovery method also uses much less disk space than `--recover`. Normally, you should repair first with `--recover`, and then with `--safe-recover` only if `--recover` fails.

  If you have lots of memory, you should increase the value of `key_buffer_size`.

- `--set-character-set=`name``

  Change the character set used by the table indexes. This option was replaced by `--set-collation` in MySQL 5.0.3.

- `--set-collation=`name``

  Specify the collation to use for sorting table indexes. The character set name is implied by the first part of the collation name. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.3.

- `--sort-recover`, `-n`

  Force myisamchk to use sorting to resolve the keys even if the temporary files would be very large.

- `--tmpdir=`path``, `-t `path``

  Path of the directory to be used for storing temporary files. If this is not set, myisamchk uses the value of the `TMPDIR` environment variable. `tmpdir` can be set to a list of directory paths that are used successively in round-robin fashion for creating temporary files. The separator character between directory names is the colon (‘`:`’) on Unix and the semicolon (‘`;`’) on Windows, NetWare, and OS/2.

- `--unpack`, `-u`

  Unpack a table that was packed with myisampack.

### 8.4.4. Other `myisamchk` Options

myisamchk supports the following options for actions other than table checks and repairs:

- `--analyze`, `-a`

  Analyze the distribution of key values. This improves join performance by enabling the join optimizer to better choose the order in which to join the tables and which indexes it should use. To obtain information about the key distribution, use a myisamchk --description --verbose `tbl_name` command or the `SHOW INDEX FROM `tbl_name`` statement.

- `--block-search=`offset``, `-b `offset``

  Find the record that a block at the given offset belongs to.

- `--description`, `-d`

  Print some descriptive information about the table.

- `--set-auto-increment[=`value`]`, `-A[`value`]`

  Force `AUTO_INCREMENT` numbering for new records to start at the given value (or higher, if there are existing records with `AUTO_INCREMENT` values this large). If `value` is not specified, `AUTO_INCREMENT` numbers for new records begin with the largest value currently in the table, plus one.

- `--sort-index`, `-S`

  Sort the index tree blocks in high-low order. This optimizes seeks and makes table scans that use indexes faster.

- `--sort-records=`N``, `-R `N``

  Sort records according to a particular index. This makes your data much more localized and may speed up range-based `SELECT` and `ORDER BY` operations that use this index. (The first time you use this option to sort a table, it may be very slow.) To determine a table's index numbers, use `SHOW INDEX`, which displays a table's indexes in the same order that myisamchk sees them. Indexes are numbered beginning with 1.

  If keys are not packed (`PACK_KEYS=0)`), they have the same length, so when myisamchk sorts and moves records, it just overwrites record offsets in the index. If keys are packed (`PACK_KEYS=1`), myisamchk must unpack key blocks first, then re-create indexes and pack the key blocks again. (In this case, re-creating indexes is faster than updating offsets for each index.)

### 8.4.5. myisamchk Memory Usage

Memory allocation is important when you run myisamchk. myisamchk uses no more memory than its memory-related variables are set to. If you are going to use myisamchk on very large tables, you should first decide how much memory you want it to use. The default is to use only about 3MB to perform repairs. By using larger values, you can get myisamchk to operate faster. For example, if you have more than 32MB RAM, you could use options such as these (in addition to any other options you might specify):

    shell> myisamchk --sort_buffer_size=16M --key_buffer_size=16M \
               --read_buffer_size=1M --write_buffer_size=1M ...

Using `--sort_buffer_size=16M` should probably be enough for most cases.

Be aware that myisamchk uses temporary files in `TMPDIR`. If `TMPDIR` points to a memory filesystem, you may easily get out of memory errors. If this happens, run myisamchk with the `--tmpdir=`path`` option to specify some directory located on a filesystem that has more space.

When repairing, myisamchk also needs a lot of disk space:

- Double the size of the data file (the original file and a copy). This space is not needed if you do a repair with `--quick`; in this case, only the index file is re-created. This space is needed on the same filesystem as the original data file! (The copy is created in the same directory as the original.)

- Space for the new index file that replaces the old one. The old index file is truncated at the start of the repair operation, so you usually ignore this space. This space is needed on the same filesystem as the original index file!

- When using `--recover` or `--sort-recover` (but not when using `--safe-recover`), you need space for a sort buffer. The following formula yields the amount of space required:

      (largest_key + row_pointer_length) × number_of_rows × 2

  You can check the length of the keys and the `row_pointer_length` with myisamchk -dv `tbl_name`. This space is allocated in the temporary directory (specified by `TMPDIR` or `--tmpdir=`path``).

If you have a problem with disk space during repair, you can try `--safe-recover` instead of `--recover`.

## 8.5. myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents

myisamlog processes the contents of a `MyISAM` log file.

Invoke myisamlog like this:

    shell> myisamlog [options] [log_file [tbl_name] ...]

The default operation is update (`-u`). If a recovery is done (`-r`), all writes and possibly updates and deletes are done and errors are only counted. The default log file name is `myisam.log` if no `log_file` argument is given, If tables are named on the command line, only those tables are updated.

myisamlog understands the following options:

- `-?`, `-I`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `-c `N``

  Execute only `N` commands.

- `-f `N``

  Specify the maximum number of open files.

- `-i`

  Display extra information before exiting.

- `-o `offset``

  Specify the starting offset.

- `-p `N``

  Remove `N` components from path.

- `-r`

  Perform a recovery operation.

- `-R `record_pos_file record_pos``

  Specify record position file and record position.

- `-u`

  Perform an update operation.

- `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more output about what the program does. This option can be given multiple times to produce more and more output.

- `-w `write_file``

  Specify the write file.

- `-V`

  Display version information.

## 8.6. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables

The myisampack utility compresses `MyISAM` tables. myisampack works by compressing each column in the table separately. Usually, myisampack packs the data file 40%-70%.

When the table is used later, the server reads into memory the information needed to decompress columns. This results in much better performance when accessing individual rows, because you only have to uncompress exactly one row.

MySQL uses `mmap()` when possible to perform memory mapping on compressed tables. If `mmap()` does not work, MySQL falls back to normal read/write file operations.

Please note the following:

- If the mysqld server was invoked with external locking disabled, it is not a good idea to invoke myisampack if the table might be updated by the server during the packing process. It is safest to compress tables with the server stopped.

- After packing a table, it becomes read-only. This is generally intended (such as when accessing packed tables on a CD). Allowing writes to a packed table is on our TODO list, but with low priority.

- myisampack can pack `BLOB` or `TEXT` columns. (The older pack_isam program for `ISAM` tables did not have this capability.)

Invoke myisampack like this:

    shell> myisampack [options] file_name ...

Each filename argument should be the name of an index (`.MYI`) file. If you are not in the database directory, you should specify the pathname to the file. It is permissible to omit the `.MYI` extension.

After you compress a table with myisampack, you should use myisamchk -rq to rebuild its indexes. Section 8.4, “myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility”.

myisampack supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--backup`, `-b`

  Make a backup of each table's data file using the name ``tbl_name`.OLD`.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Produce a packed table even if it becomes larger than the original or if the intermediate file from an earlier invocation of myisampack exists. (myisampack creates an intermediate file named ``tbl_name`.TMD` in the database directory while it compresses the table. If you kill myisampack, the `.TMD` file might not be deleted.) Normally, myisampack exits with an error if it finds that ``tbl_name`.TMD` exists. With `--force`, myisampack packs the table anyway.

- `--join=`big_tbl_name``, `-j `big_tbl_name``

  Join all tables named on the command line into a single table `big_tbl_name`. All tables that are to be combined must have identical structure (same column names and types, same indexes, and so forth).

- `--packlength=`len``, `-p `len``

  Specify the row length storage size, in bytes. The value should be 1, 2, or 3. myisampack stores all rows with length pointers of 1, 2, or 3 bytes. In most normal cases, myisampack can determine the correct length value before it begins packing the file, but it may notice during the packing process that it could have used a shorter length. In this case, myisampack prints a note that you could use a shorter row length the next time you pack the same file.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Write output only when errors occur.

- `--test`, `-t`

  Do not actually pack the table, just test packing it.

- `--tmpdir=`path``, `-T `path``

  Use the named directory as the location where myisampack creates temporary files.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Write information about the progress of the packing operation and its result.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

- `--wait`, `-w`

  Wait and retry if the table is in use. If the mysqld server was invoked with external locking disabled, it is not a good idea to invoke myisampack if the table might be updated by the server during the packing process.

The following sequence of commands illustrates a typical table compression session:

    shell> ls -l station.*
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my         994128 Apr 17 19:00 station.MYD
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my          53248 Apr 17 19:00 station.MYI
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my           5767 Apr 17 19:00 station.frm

    shell> myisamchk -dvv station

    MyISAM file:     station
    Isam-version:  2
    Creation time: 1996-03-13 10:08:58
    Recover time:  1997-02-02  3:06:43
    Data records:              1192  Deleted blocks:              0
    Datafile parts:            1192  Deleted data:                0
    Datafile pointer (bytes):     2  Keyfile pointer (bytes):     2
    Max datafile length:   54657023  Max keyfile length:   33554431
    Recordlength:               834
    Record format: Fixed length

    table description:
    Key Start Len Index   Type                 Root  Blocksize    Rec/key
    1   2     4   unique  unsigned long        1024       1024          1
    2   32    30  multip. text                10240       1024          1

    Field Start Length Type
    1     1     1
    2     2     4
    3     6     4
    4     10    1
    5     11    20
    6     31    1
    7     32    30
    8     62    35
    9     97    35
    10    132   35
    11    167   4
    12    171   16
    13    187   35
    14    222   4
    15    226   16
    16    242   20
    17    262   20
    18    282   20
    19    302   30
    20    332   4
    21    336   4
    22    340   1
    23    341   8
    24    349   8
    25    357   8
    26    365   2
    27    367   2
    28    369   4
    29    373   4
    30    377   1
    31    378   2
    32    380   8
    33    388   4
    34    392   4
    35    396   4
    36    400   4
    37    404   1
    38    405   4
    39    409   4
    40    413   4
    41    417   4
    42    421   4
    43    425   4
    44    429   20
    45    449   30
    46    479   1
    47    480   1
    48    481   79
    49    560   79
    50    639   79
    51    718   79
    52    797   8
    53    805   1
    54    806   1
    55    807   20
    56    827   4
    57    831   4

    shell> myisampack station.MYI
    Compressing station.MYI: (1192 records)
    - Calculating statistics

    normal:     20  empty-space:   16  empty-zero:     12  empty-fill:  11
    pre-space:   0  end-space:     12  table-lookups:   5  zero:         7
    Original trees:  57  After join: 17
    - Compressing file
    87.14%
    Remember to run myisamchk -rq on compressed tables

    shell> ls -l station.*
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my         127874 Apr 17 19:00 station.MYD
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my          55296 Apr 17 19:04 station.MYI
    -rw-rw-r--   1 monty    my           5767 Apr 17 19:00 station.frm

    shell> myisamchk -dvv station

    MyISAM file:     station
    Isam-version:  2
    Creation time: 1996-03-13 10:08:58
    Recover time:  1997-04-17 19:04:26
    Data records:               1192  Deleted blocks:              0
    Datafile parts:             1192  Deleted data:                0
    Datafile pointer (bytes):      3  Keyfile pointer (bytes):     1
    Max datafile length:    16777215  Max keyfile length:     131071
    Recordlength:                834
    Record format: Compressed

    table description:
    Key Start Len Index   Type                 Root  Blocksize    Rec/key
    1   2     4   unique  unsigned long       10240       1024          1
    2   32    30  multip. text                54272       1024          1

    Field Start Length Type                         Huff tree  Bits
    1     1     1      constant                             1     0
    2     2     4      zerofill(1)                          2     9
    3     6     4      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9
    4     10    1                                           3     9
    5     11    20     table-lookup                         4     0
    6     31    1                                           3     9
    7     32    30     no endspace, not_always              5     9
    8     62    35     no endspace, not_always, no empty    6     9
    9     97    35     no empty                             7     9
    10    132   35     no endspace, not_always, no empty    6     9
    11    167   4      zerofill(1)                          2     9
    12    171   16     no endspace, not_always, no empty    5     9
    13    187   35     no endspace, not_always, no empty    6     9
    14    222   4      zerofill(1)                          2     9
    15    226   16     no endspace, not_always, no empty    5     9
    16    242   20     no endspace, not_always              8     9
    17    262   20     no endspace, no empty                8     9
    18    282   20     no endspace, no empty                5     9
    19    302   30     no endspace, no empty                6     9
    20    332   4      always zero                          2     9
    21    336   4      always zero                          2     9
    22    340   1                                           3     9
    23    341   8      table-lookup                         9     0
    24    349   8      table-lookup                        10     0
    25    357   8      always zero                          2     9
    26    365   2                                           2     9
    27    367   2      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9
    28    369   4      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9
    29    373   4      table-lookup                        11     0
    30    377   1                                           3     9
    31    378   2      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9
    32    380   8      no zeros                             2     9
    33    388   4      always zero                          2     9
    34    392   4      table-lookup                        12     0
    35    396   4      no zeros, zerofill(1)               13     9
    36    400   4      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9
    37    404   1                                           2     9
    38    405   4      no zeros                             2     9
    39    409   4      always zero                          2     9
    40    413   4      no zeros                             2     9
    41    417   4      always zero                          2     9
    42    421   4      no zeros                             2     9
    43    425   4      always zero                          2     9
    44    429   20     no empty                             3     9
    45    449   30     no empty                             3     9
    46    479   1                                          14     4
    47    480   1                                          14     4
    48    481   79     no endspace, no empty               15     9
    49    560   79     no empty                             2     9
    50    639   79     no empty                             2     9
    51    718   79     no endspace                         16     9
    52    797   8      no empty                             2     9
    53    805   1                                          17     1
    54    806   1                                           3     9
    55    807   20     no empty                             3     9
    56    827   4      no zeros, zerofill(2)                2     9
    57    831   4      no zeros, zerofill(1)                2     9

myisampack displays the following kinds of information:

- `normal`

  The number of columns for which no extra packing is used.

- `empty-space`

  The number of columns containing values that are only spaces. These occupy one bit.

- `empty-zero`

  The number of columns containing values that are only binary zeros. These occupy one bit.

- `empty-fill`

  The number of integer columns that do not occupy the full byte range of their type. These are changed to a smaller type. For example, a `BIGINT` column (eight bytes) can be stored as a `TINYINT` column (one byte) if all its values are in the range from `-128` to `127`.

- `pre-space`

  The number of decimal columns that are stored with leading spaces. In this case, each value contains a count for the number of leading spaces.

- `end-space`

  The number of columns that have a lot of trailing spaces. In this case, each value contains a count for the number of trailing spaces.

- `table-lookup`

  The column had only a small number of different values, which were converted to an `ENUM` before Huffman compression.

- `zero`

  The number of columns for which all values are zero.

- `Original trees`

  The initial number of Huffman trees.

- `After join`

  The number of distinct Huffman trees left after joining trees to save some header space.

After a table has been compressed, myisamchk -dvv prints additional information about each column:

- `Type`

  The data type. The value may contain any of the following descriptors:

  - `constant`

    All rows have the same value.

  - `no endspace`

    Do not store endspace.

  - `no endspace, not_always`

    Do not store endspace and do not do endspace compression for all values.

  - `no endspace, no empty`

    Do not store endspace. Do not store empty values.

  - `table-lookup`

    The column was converted to an `ENUM`.

  - `zerofill(`N`)`

    The most significant `N` bytes in the value are always 0 and are not stored.

  - `no zeros`

    Do not store zeros.

  - `always zero`

    Zero values are stored using one bit.

- `Huff tree`

  The number of the Huffman tree associated with the column.

- `Bits`

  The number of bits used in the Huffman tree.

After you run myisampack, you must run myisamchk to re-create any indexes. At this time, you can also sort the index blocks and create statistics needed for the MySQL optimizer to work more efficiently:

    shell> myisamchk -rq --sort-index --analyze tbl_name.MYI

After you have installed the packed table into the MySQL database directory, you should execute mysqladmin flush-tables to force mysqld to start using the new table.

To unpack a packed table, use the `--unpack` option to myisamchk.

## 8.7. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool

mysql is a simple SQL shell (with GNU `readline` capabilities). It supports interactive and non-interactive use. When used interactively, query results are presented in an ASCII-table format. When used non-interactively (for example, as a filter), the result is presented in tab-separated format. The output format can be changed using command options.

If you have problems due to insufficient memory for large result sets, use the `--quick` option. This forces mysql to retrieve results from the server a row at a time rather than retrieving the entire result set and buffering it in memory before displaying it. This is done by returning the result set using the `mysql_use_result()` C API function in the client/server library rather than `mysql_store_result()`.

Using mysql is very easy. Invoke it from the prompt of your command interpreter as follows:

    shell> mysql db_name

Or:

    shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name

Then type an SQL statement, end it with ‘`;`’, `\g`, or `\G` and press Enter.

As of MySQL 5.0.25, typing Control-C causes mysql to attempt to kill the current statement. If this cannot be done, or Control-C is typed again before the statement is killed, mysql exits. Previously, Control-C caused mysql to exit in all cases.

You can execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) like this:

    shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab

### 8.7.1. mysql Options

mysql supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--auto-rehash`

  Enable automatic rehashing. This option is on by default, which enables table and column name completion. Use `--skip-auto-rehash` to disable rehashing. That causes mysql to start faster, but you must issue the `rehash` command if you want to use table and column name completion.

- `--batch`, `-B`

  Print results using tab as the column separator, with each row on a new line. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--column-names`

  Write column names in results.

- `--compress`, `-C`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--database=`db_name``, `-D `db_name``

  The database to use. This is useful primarily in an option file.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`. The default is `'d:t:o,/tmp/mysql.trace'`.

- `--debug-info`, `-T`

  Print some debugging information when the program exits.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--delimiter=`str``

  Set the statement delimiter. The default is the semicolon character (‘`;`’).

- `--execute=`statement``, `-e `statement``

  Execute the statement and quit. The default output format is like that produced with `--batch`. See Section 4.3.1, “Using Options on the Command Line”, for some examples.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Continue even if an SQL error occurs.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--html`, `-H`

  Produce HTML output.

- `--ignore-spaces`, `-i`

  Ignore spaces after function names. The effect of this is described in the discussion for the `IGNORE_SPACE` SQL mode (see Section 5.2.6, “SQL Modes”).

- `--line-numbers`

  Write line numbers for errors. Disable this with `--skip-line-numbers`.

- `--local-infile[={0|1}]`

  Enable or disable `LOCAL` capability for `LOAD DATA INFILE`. With no value, the option enables `LOCAL`. The option may be given as `--local-infile=0` or `--local-infile=1` to explicitly disable or enable `LOCAL`. Enabling `LOCAL` has no effect if the server does not also support it.

- `--named-commands`, `-G`

  Enable named mysql commands. Long-format commands are allowed, not just short-format commands. For example, `quit` and `\q` both are recognized. Use `--skip-named-commands` to disable named commands. See Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”.

- `--no-auto-rehash`, `-A`

  Deprecated form of `-skip-auto-rehash`. See the description for `--auto-rehash`.

- `--no-beep`, `-b`

  Do not beep when errors occur.

- `--no-named-commands`, `-g`

  Disable named commands. Use the `\*` form only, or use named commands only at the beginning of a line ending with a semicolon (‘`;`’). mysql starts with this option enabled by default. However, even with this option, long-format commands still work from the first line. See Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”.

- `--no-pager`

  Deprecated form of `--skip-pager`. See the `--pager` option.

- `--no-tee`

  Do not copy output to a file. Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”, discusses tee files further.

- `--one-database`, `-o`

  Ignore statements except those for the default database named on the command line. This is useful for skipping updates to other databases in the binary log.

- `--pager[=`command`]`

  Use the given command for paging query output. If the command is omitted, the default pager is the value of your `PAGER` environment variable. Valid pagers are less, more, cat [> filename], and so forth. This option works only on Unix. It does not work in batch mode. To disable paging, use `--skip-pager`. Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”, discusses output paging further.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--prompt=`format_str``

  Set the prompt to the specified format. The default is `mysql>`. The special sequences that the prompt can contain are described in Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--quick`, `-q`

  Do not cache each query result, print each row as it is received. This may slow down the server if the output is suspended. With this option, mysql does not use the history file.

- `--raw`, `-r`

  Write column values without escape conversion. Often used with the `--batch` option.

- `--reconnect`

  If the connection to the server is lost, automatically try to reconnect. A single reconnect attempt is made each time the connection is lost. To suppress reconnection behavior, use `--skip-reconnect`.

- `--safe-updates`, `--i-am-a-dummy`, `-U`

  Allow only those `UPDATE` and `DELETE` statements that specify which rows to modify by using key values. If you have set this option in an option file, you can override it by using `--safe-updates` on the command line. See Section 8.7.5, “mysql Tips”, for more information about this option.

- `--secure-auth`

  Do not send passwords to the server in old (pre-4.1.1) format. This prevents connections except for servers that use the newer password format.

- `--show-warnings`

  Cause warnings to be shown after each statement if there are any. This option applies to interactive and batch mode. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.6.

- `--sigint-ignore`

  Ignore `SIGINT` signals (typically the result of typing Control-C).

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Produce less output. This option can be given multiple times to produce less and less output.

- `--skip-column-names`, `-N`

  Do not write column names in results.

- `--skip-line-numbers`, `-L`

  Do not write line numbers for errors. Useful when you want to compare result files that include error messages.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--table`, `-t`

  Display output in table format. This is the default for interactive use, but can be used to produce table output in batch mode.

- `--tee=`file_name``

  Append a copy of output to the given file. This option does not work in batch mode. in Section 8.7.2, “mysql Commands”, discusses tee files further.

- `--unbuffered`, `-n`

  Flush the buffer after each query.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Produce more output about what the program does. This option can be given multiple times to produce more and more output. (For example, `-v -v -v` produces table output format even in batch mode.)

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

- `--vertical`, `-E`

  Print query output rows vertically (one line per column value). Without this option, you can specify vertical output for individual statements by terminating them with `\G`.

- `--wait`, `-w`

  If the connection cannot be established, wait and retry instead of aborting.

- `--xml`, `-X`

  Produce XML output.

  Note: Prior to MySQL 5.0.26, there was no differentiation in the output when using this option between columns containing the `NULL` value and columns containing the string literal `'NULL'`; both were represented as

      <field name="column_name">NULL</field>

  Beginning with MySQL 5.0.26, the output when `--xml` is used with mysql matches that of mysqldump `--xml`. See the section of the Manual which discusses the `--xml` option for mysqldump for details.

You can also set the following variables by using `--`var_name`=`value`` syntax:

- `connect_timeout`

  The number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value is `0`.)

- `max_allowed_packet`

  The maximum packet length to send to or receive from the server. (Default value is 16MB.)

- `max_join_size`

  The automatic limit for rows in a join when using `--safe-updates`. (Default value is 1,000,000.)

- `net_buffer_length`

  The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default value is 16KB.)

- `select_limit`

  The automatic limit for `SELECT` statements when using `--safe-updates`. (Default value is 1,000.)

It is also possible to set variables by using `--set-variable=`var_name`=`value`` or `-O `var_name`=`value`` syntax. This syntax is deprecated.

On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to a history file. By default, the history file is named `.mysql_history` and is created in your home directory. To specify a different file, set the value of the `MYSQL_HISTFILE` environment variable.

If you do not want to maintain a history file, first remove `.mysql_history` if it exists, and then use either of the following techniques:

- Set the `MYSQL_HISTFILE` variable to `/dev/null`. To cause this setting to take effect each time you log in, put the setting in one of your shell's startup files.

- Create `.mysql_history` as a symbolic link to `/dev/null`:

      shell> ln -s /dev/null $HOME/.mysql_history

  You need do this only once.

### 8.7.2. mysql Commands

mysql sends each SQL statement that you issue to the server to be executed. There is also a set of commands that mysql itself interprets. For a list of these commands, type `help` or `\h` at the `mysql>` prompt:

    mysql> help

    List of all MySQL commands:
    Note that all text commands must be first on line and end with ';'
    ?         (\?) Synonym for `help'.
    charset   (\C) Switch to another charset. Might be needed for processing
                   binlog with multi-byte charsets.
    clear     (\c) Clear command.
    connect   (\r) Reconnect to the server. Optional arguments are db and host.
    delimiter (\d) Set statement delimiter. NOTE: Takes the rest of the line as
                   new delimiter.
    edit      (\e) Edit command with $EDITOR.
    ego       (\G) Send command to mysql server, display result vertically.
    exit      (\q) Exit mysql. Same as quit.
    go        (\g) Send command to mysql server.
    help      (\h) Display this help.
    nopager   (\n) Disable pager, print to stdout.
    notee     (\t) Don't write into outfile.
    pager     (\P) Set PAGER [to_pager]. Print the query results via PAGER.
    print     (\p) Print current command.
    prompt    (\R) Change your mysql prompt.
    quit      (\q) Quit mysql.
    rehash    (\#) Rebuild completion hash.
    source    (\.) Execute an SQL script file. Takes a file name as an argument.
    status    (\s) Get status information from the server.
    system    (\!) Execute a system shell command.
    tee       (\T) Set outfile [to_outfile]. Append everything into given
                   outfile.
    use       (\u) Use another database. Takes database name as argument.
    warnings  (\W) Show warnings after every statement.
    nowarning (\w) Don't show warnings after every statement.

    For server side help, type 'help contents'

Each command has both a long and short form. The long form is not case sensitive; the short form is. The long form can be followed by an optional semicolon terminator, but the short form should not.

If you provide an argument to the `help` command, mysql uses it as a search string to access server-side help from the contents of the MySQL Reference Manual. For more information, see Section 8.7.3, “mysql Server-Side Help”.

The `charset` command changes the default character set and issues a `SET NAMES` statement. This enables the character set to remain synchronized on the client and server if mysql is run with auto-reconnect enabled (which is not recommended), because the changed character set is used for reconnects. This command was added in MySQL 5.0.25.

In the `delimiter` command, you should avoid the use of the backslash (‘`\`’) character because that is the escape character for MySQL.

The edit, nopager, pager, and system commands work only in Unix.

The `status` command provides some information about the connection and the server you are using. If you are running in `--safe-updates` mode, `status` also prints the values for the mysql variables that affect your queries.

To log queries and their output, use the tee command. All the data displayed on the screen is appended into a given file. This can be very useful for debugging purposes also. You can enable this feature on the command line with the `--tee` option, or interactively with the tee command. The tee file can be disabled interactively with the notee command. Executing tee again re-enables logging. Without a parameter, the previous file is used. Note that tee flushes query results to the file after each statement, just before mysql prints its next prompt.

By using the `--pager` option, it is possible to browse or search query results in interactive mode with Unix programs such as less, more, or any other similar program. If you specify no value for the option, mysql checks the value of the `PAGER` environment variable and sets the pager to that. Output paging can be enabled interactively with the pager command and disabled with nopager. The command takes an optional argument; if given, the paging program is set to that. With no argument, the pager is set to the pager that was set on the command line, or `stdout` if no pager was specified.

Output paging works only in Unix because it uses the `popen()` function, which does not exist on Windows. For Windows, the tee option can be used instead to save query output, although this is not as convenient as pager for browsing output in some situations.

Here are a few tips about the pager command:

- You can use it to write to a file and the results go only to the file:

      mysql> pager cat > /tmp/log.txt

  You can also pass any options for the program that you want to use as your pager:

      mysql> pager less -n -i -S

- In the preceding example, note the `-S` option. You may find it very useful for browsing wide query results. Sometimes a very wide result set is difficult to read on the screen. The `-S` option to less can make the result set much more readable because you can scroll it horizontally using the left-arrow and right-arrow keys. You can also use `-S` interactively within less to switch the horizontal-browse mode on and off. For more information, read the less manual page:

      shell> man less

- You can specify very complex pager commands for handling query output:

      mysql> pager cat | tee /dr1/tmp/res.txt \
                | tee /dr2/tmp/res2.txt | less -n -i -S

  In this example, the command would send query results to two files in two different directories on two different filesystems mounted on `/dr1` and `/dr2`, yet still display the results onscreen via less.

You can also combine the tee and pager functions. Have a tee file enabled and pager set to less, and you are able to browse the results using the less program and still have everything appended into a file the same time. The difference between the Unix tee used with the pager command and the mysql built-in tee command is that the built-in tee works even if you do not have the Unix tee available. The built-in tee also logs everything that is printed on the screen, whereas the Unix tee used with pager does not log quite that much. Additionally, tee file logging can be turned on and off interactively from within mysql. This is useful when you want to log some queries to a file, but not others.

The default `mysql>` prompt can be reconfigured. The string for defining the prompt can contain the following special sequences:

Option | Description
`\v` | The server version
`\d` | The default database
`\h` | The server host
`\p` | The current TCP/IP port or socket file
`\u` | Your username
`\U` | Your full ``user_name`@`host_name`` account name
`\\` | A literal ‘`\`’ backslash character
`\n` | A newline character
`\t` | A tab character
`\` | A space (a space follows the backslash)
`\_` | A space
`\R` | The current time, in 24-hour military time (0-23)
`\r` | The current time, standard 12-hour time (1-12)
`\m` | Minutes of the current time
`\y` | The current year, two digits
`\Y` | The current year, four digits
`\D` | The full current date
`\s` | Seconds of the current time
`\w` | The current day of the week in three-letter format (Mon, Tue, …)
`\P` | am/pm
`\o` | The current month in numeric format
`\O` | The current month in three-letter format (Jan, Feb, …)
`\c` | A counter that increments for each statement you issue
`\l` | The current delimiter. (New in 5.0.25)
`\S` | Semicolon
`\'` | Single quote
`\"` | Double quote

‘`\`’ followed by any other letter just becomes that letter.

If you specify the `prompt` command with no argument, mysql resets the prompt to the default of `mysql>`.

You can set the prompt in several ways:

- Use an environment variable. You can set the `MYSQL_PS1` environment variable to a prompt string. For example:

      shell> export MYSQL_PS1="(\u@\h) [\d]> "

- Use a command-line option. You can set the `--prompt` option on the command line to mysql. For example:

      shell> mysql --prompt="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
      (user@host) [database]>

- Use an option file. You can set the `prompt` option in the `[mysql]` group of any MySQL option file, such as `/etc/my.cnf` or the `.my.cnf` file in your home directory. For example:

      [mysql]
      prompt=(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_

  In this example, note that the backslashes are doubled. If you set the prompt using the `prompt` option in an option file, it is advisable to double the backslashes when using the special prompt options. There is some overlap in the set of allowable prompt options and the set of special escape sequences that are recognized in option files. (These sequences are listed in Section 4.3.2, “Using Option Files”.) The overlap may cause you problems if you use single backslashes. For example, `\s` is interpreted as a space rather than as the current seconds value. The following example shows how to define a prompt within an option file to include the current time in `HH:MM:SS>` format:

      [mysql]
      prompt="\\r:\\m:\\s> "

- Set the prompt interactively. You can change your prompt interactively by using the `prompt` (or `\R`) command. For example:

      mysql> prompt (\u@\h) [\d]>\_
      PROMPT set to '(\u@\h) [\d]>\_'
      (user@host) [database]>
      (user@host) [database]> prompt
      Returning to default PROMPT of mysql>
      mysql>

### 8.7.3. mysql Server-Side Help

    mysql> help search_string

If you provide an argument to the `help` command, mysql uses it as a search string to access server-side help from the contents of the MySQL Reference Manual. The proper operation of this command requires that the help tables in the `mysql` database be initialized with help topic information (see Section 5.2.8, “Server-Side Help”).

If there is no match for the search string, the search fails:

    mysql> help me

    Nothing found
    Please try to run 'help contents' for a list of all accessible topics

Use help contents to see a list of the help categories:

    mysql> help contents
    You asked for help about help category: "Contents"
    For more information, type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the
    following categories:
       Account Management
       Administration
       Data Definition
       Data Manipulation
       Data Types
       Functions
       Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY
       Geographic Features
       Language Structure
       Storage Engines
       Stored Routines
       Table Maintenance
       Transactions
       Triggers

If the search string matches multiple items, mysql shows a list of matching topics:

    mysql> help logs
    Many help items for your request exist.
    To make a more specific request, please type 'help <item>',
    where <item> is one of the following topics:
       SHOW
       SHOW BINARY LOGS
       SHOW ENGINE
       SHOW LOGS

Use a topic as the search string to see the help entry for that topic:

    mysql> help show binary logs
    Name: 'SHOW BINARY LOGS'
    Description:
    Syntax:
    SHOW BINARY LOGS
    SHOW MASTER LOGS

    Lists the binary log files on the server. This statement is used as
    part of the procedure described in [purge-master-logs], that shows how
    to determine which logs can be purged.

    mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
    +---------------+-----------+
    | Log_name      | File_size |
    +---------------+-----------+
    | binlog.000015 |    724935 |
    | binlog.000016 |    733481 |
    +---------------+-----------+

### 8.7.4. Executing SQL Statements from a Text File

The mysql client typically is used interactively, like this:

    shell> mysql db_name

However, it is also possible to put your SQL statements in a file and then tell mysql to read its input from that file. To do so, create a text file `text_file` that contains the statements you wish to execute. Then invoke mysql as shown here:

    shell> mysql db_name < text_file

If you place a `USE `db_name`` statement as the first statement in the file, it is unnecessary to specify the database name on the command line:

    shell> mysql < text_file

If you are already running mysql, you can execute an SQL script file using the `source` or `\.` command:

    mysql> source file_name
    mysql> \. file_name

Sometimes you may want your script to display progress information to the user. For this you can insert statements like this:

    SELECT '<info_to_display>' AS ' ';

The statement shown outputs `<info_to_display>`.

For more information about batch mode, see Section 3.5, “Using mysql in Batch Mode”.

### 8.7.5. mysql Tips

This section describes some techniques that can help you use mysql more effectively.

#### 8.7.5.1. Displaying Query Results Vertically

Some query results are much more readable when displayed vertically, instead of in the usual horizontal table format. Queries can be displayed vertically by terminating the query with \G instead of a semicolon. For example, longer text values that include newlines often are much easier to read with vertical output:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM mails WHERE LENGTH(txt) < 300 LIMIT 300,1\G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
      msg_nro: 3068
         date: 2000-03-01 23:29:50
    time_zone: +0200
    mail_from: Monty
        reply: monty@no.spam.com
      mail_to: "Thimble Smith" <tim@no.spam.com>
          sbj: UTF-8
          txt: >>>>> "Thimble" == Thimble Smith writes:

    Thimble> Hi.  I think this is a good idea.  Is anyone familiar
    Thimble> with UTF-8 or Unicode? Otherwise, I'll put this on my
    Thimble> TODO list and see what happens.

    Yes, please do that.

    Regards,
    Monty
         file: inbox-jani-1
         hash: 190402944
    1 row in set (0.09 sec)

#### 8.7.5.2. Using the `--safe-updates` Option

For beginners, a useful startup option is `--safe-updates` (or `--i-am-a-dummy`, which has the same effect). It is helpful for cases when you might have issued a `DELETE FROM `tbl_name`` statement but forgotten the `WHERE` clause. Normally, such a statement deletes all rows from the table. With `--safe-updates`, you can delete rows only by specifying the key values that identify them. This helps prevent accidents.

When you use the `--safe-updates` option, mysql issues the following statement when it connects to the MySQL server:

    SET SQL_SAFE_UPDATES=1,SQL_SELECT_LIMIT=1000, SQL_MAX_JOIN_SIZE=1000000;

See Section 13.5.3, “`SET` Syntax”.

The `SET` statement has the following effects:

- You are not allowed to execute an `UPDATE` or `DELETE` statement unless you specify a key constraint in the `WHERE` clause or provide a `LIMIT` clause (or both). For example:

      UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val WHERE key_column=val;

      UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val LIMIT 1;

- The server limits all large `SELECT` results to 1,000 rows unless the statement includes a `LIMIT` clause.

- The server aborts multiple-table `SELECT` statements that probably need to examine more than 1,000,000 row combinations.

To specify limits different from 1,000 and 1,000,000, you can override the defaults by using the `--select_limit` and `--max_join_size` options:

    shell> mysql --safe-updates --select_limit=500 --max_join_size=10000

#### 8.7.5.3. Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect

If the mysql client loses its connection to the server while sending a query, it immediately and automatically tries to reconnect once to the server and send the query again. However, even if mysql succeeds in reconnecting, your first connection has ended and all your previous session objects and settings are lost: temporary tables, the autocommit mode, and user-defined and session variables. Also, any current transaction rolls back. This behavior may be dangerous for you, as in the following example where the server was shut down and restarted without you knowing it:

    mysql> SET @a=1;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)

    mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(@a);
    ERROR 2006: MySQL server has gone away
    No connection. Trying to reconnect...
    Connection id:    1
    Current database: test

    Query OK, 1 row affected (1.30 sec)

    mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
    +------+
    | a    |
    +------+
    | NULL |
    +------+
    1 row in set (0.05 sec)

The `@a` user variable has been lost with the connection, and after the reconnection it is undefined. If it is important to have mysql terminate with an error if the connection has been lost, you can start the mysql client with the `--skip-reconnect` option.

## 8.8. mysql_explain_log — Use EXPLAIN on Statements in Query Log

mysql_explain_log reads its standard input for query log contents. It uses `EXPLAIN` to analyze `SELECT` statements found in the input. `UPDATE` statements are rewritten to `SELECT` statements and also analyzed with `EXPLAIN`. mysql_explain_log then displays a summary of its results.

The results may assist you in determining which queries result in table scans and where it would be beneficial to add indexes to your tables.

Invoke mysql_explain_log like this, where `log_file` contains all or part of a MySQL query log:

    shell> mysql_explain_log [options] < log_file

mysql_explain_log understands the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--date=`YYMMDD``, `-d `YYMMDD``

  Select entries from the log only for the given date.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--password=`password``, `-p `password``

  The password to use when connecting to the server.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--printerror=1`, `-e 1`

  Enable error output.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

## 8.9. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges

mysqlaccess is a diagnostic tool that Yves Carlier has provided for the MySQL distribution. It checks the access privileges for a hostname, username, and database combination. Note that mysqlaccess checks access using only the `user`, `db`, and `host` tables. It does not check table, column, or routine privileges specified in the `tables_priv`, `columns_priv`, or `procs_priv` tables.

Invoke mysqlaccess like this:

    shell> mysqlaccess [host_name [user_name [db_name]]] [options]

mysqlaccess understands the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--brief`, `-b`

  Generate reports in single-line tabular format.

- `--commit`

  Copy the new access privileges from the temporary tables to the original grant tables. The grant tables must be flushed for the new privileges to take effect. (For example, execute a mysqladmin reload command.)

- `--copy`

  Reload the temporary grant tables from original ones.

- `--db=`db_name``, `-d `db_name``

  Specify the database name.

- `--debug=`N``

  Specify the debug level. `N` can be an integer from 0 to 3.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  The hostname to use in the access privileges.

- `--howto`

  Display some examples that show how to use mysqlaccess.

- `--old_server`

  Assume that the server is an old MySQL server (before MySQL 3.21) that does not yet know how to handle full `WHERE` clauses.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--plan`

  Display suggestions and ideas for future releases.

- `--preview`

  Show the privilege differences after making changes to the temporary grant tables.

- `--relnotes`

  Display the release notes.

- `--rhost=`host_name``, `-H `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--rollback`

  Undo the most recent changes to the temporary grant tables.

- `--spassword[=`password`]`, `-P[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server as the superuser. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--superuser=`user_name``, `-U `user_name``

  Specify the username for connecting as the superuser.

- `--table`, `-t`

  Generate reports in table format.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The username to use in the access privileges.

- `--version`, `-v`

  Display version information and exit.

If your MySQL distribution is installed in some non-standard location, you must change the location where mysqlaccess expects to find the mysql client. Edit the `mysqlaccess` script at approximately line 18. Search for a line that looks like this:

    $MYSQL     = '/usr/local/bin/mysql';    # path to mysql executable

Change the path to reflect the location where mysql actually is stored on your system. If you do not do this, a `Broken pipe` error will occur when you run mysqlaccess.

## 8.10. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server

mysqladmin is a client for performing administrative operations. You can use it to check the server's configuration and current status, to create and drop databases, and more.

Invoke mysqladmin like this:

    shell> mysqladmin [options] command [command-arg] [command [command-arg]] ...

mysqladmin supports the commands described in the following list. Some of the commands take an argument following the command name.

- `create `db_name``

  Create a new database named `db_name`.

- `debug`

  Tell the server to write debug information to the error log.

- `drop `db_name``

  Delete the database named `db_name` and all its tables.

- `extended-status`

  Display the server status variables and their values.

- `flush-hosts`

  Flush all information in the host cache.

- `flush-logs`

  Flush all logs.

- `flush-privileges`

  Reload the grant tables (same as `reload`).

- `flush-status`

  Clear status variables.

- `flush-tables`

  Flush all tables.

- `flush-threads`

  Flush the thread cache.

- `kill `id`,`id`,...`

  Kill server threads. If multiple thread ID values are given, there must be no spaces in the list.

- `old-password `new-password``

  This is like the `password` command but stores the password using the old (pre-4.1) password-hashing format. (See Section 5.8.9, “Password Hashing as of MySQL 4.1”.)

- `password `new-password``

  Set a new password. This changes the password to `new-password` for the account that you use with mysqladmin for connecting to the server. Thus, the next time you invoke mysqladmin (or any other client program) using the same account, you will need to specify the new password.

  If the `new-password` value contains spaces or other characters that are special to your command interpreter, you need to enclose it within quotes. On Windows, be sure to use double quotes rather than single quotes; single quotes are not stripped from the password, but rather are interpreted as part of the password. For example:

      shell> mysqladmin password "my new password"

- `ping`

  Check whether the server is alive. The return status from mysqladmin is 0 if the server is running, 1 if it is not. This is 0 even in case of an error such as `Access denied`, because this means that the server is running but refused the connection, which is different from the server not running.

- `processlist`

  Show a list of active server threads. This is like the output of the `SHOW PROCESSLIST` statement. If the `--verbose` option is given, the output is like that of `SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST`. (See Section 13.5.4.21, “`SHOW PROCESSLIST` Syntax”.)

- `reload`

  Reload the grant tables.

- `refresh`

  Flush all tables and close and open log files.

- `shutdown`

  Stop the server.

- `start-slave`

  Start replication on a slave server.

- `status`

  Display a short server status message.

- `stop-slave`

  Stop replication on a slave server.

- `variables`

  Display the server system variables and their values.

- `version`

  Display version information from the server.

All commands can be shortened to any unique prefix. For example:

    shell> mysqladmin proc stat
    +----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
    | Id | User  | Host      | db | Command | Time | State | Info             |
    +----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
    | 51 | monty | localhost |    | Query   | 0    |       | show processlist |
    +----+-------+-----------+----+---------+------+-------+------------------+
    Uptime: 1473624  Threads: 1  Questions: 39487
    Slow queries: 0  Opens: 541  Flush tables: 1
    Open tables: 19  Queries per second avg: 0.0268

The mysqladmin status command result displays the following values:

- `Uptime`

  The number of seconds the MySQL server has been running.

- `Threads`

  The number of active threads (clients).

- `Questions`

  The number of questions (queries) from clients since the server was started.

- `Slow queries`

  The number of queries that have taken more than `long_query_time` seconds. See Section 5.12.4, “The Slow Query Log”.

- `Opens`

  The number of tables the server has opened.

- `Flush tables`

  The number of `flush-*`, `refresh`, and `reload` commands the server has executed.

- `Open tables`

  The number of tables that currently are open.

- `Memory in use`

  The amount of memory allocated directly by mysqld. This value is displayed only when MySQL has been compiled with `--with-debug=full`.

- `Maximum memory used`

  The maximum amount of memory allocated directly by mysqld. This value is displayed only when MySQL has been compiled with `--with-debug=full`.

If you execute mysqladmin shutdown when connecting to a local server using a Unix socket file, mysqladmin waits until the server's process ID file has been removed, to ensure that the server has stopped properly.

mysqladmin supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--compress`, `-C`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--count=`N``, `-c `N``

  The number of iterations to make for repeated command execution. This works only with the `--sleep` option.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`. The default is `'d:t:o,/tmp/mysqladmin.trace'`.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Do not ask for confirmation for the `drop `db_name`` command. With multiple commands, continue even if an error occurs.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--relative`, `-r`

  Show the difference between the current and previous values when used with the `--sleep` option. Currently, this option works only with the `extended-status` command.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Exit silently if a connection to the server cannot be established.

- `--sleep=`delay``, `-i `delay``

  Execute commands repeatedly, sleeping for `delay` seconds in between. The `--count` option determines the number of iterations.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

- `--vertical`, `-E`

  Print output vertically. This is similar to `--relative`, but prints output vertically.

- `--wait[=`count`]`, `-w[`count`]`

  If the connection cannot be established, wait and retry instead of aborting. If a `count` value is given, it indicates the number of times to retry. The default is one time.

You can also set the following variables by using `--`var_name`=`value`` syntax:

- `connect_timeout`

  The maximum number of seconds before connection timeout. The default value is 43200 (12 hours).

- `shutdown_timeout`

  The maximum number of seconds to wait for server shutdown. The default value is 3600 (1 hour).

It is also possible to set variables by using `--set-variable=`var_name`=`value`` or `-O `var_name`=`value`` syntax. This syntax is deprecated.

## 8.11. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files

The binary log files that the server generates are written in binary format. To examine these files in text format, use the mysqlbinlog utility. You can also use mysqlbinlog to read relay log files written by a slave server in a replication setup. Relay logs have the same format as binary log files.

Invoke mysqlbinlog like this:

    shell> mysqlbinlog [options] log_file ...

For example, to display the contents of the binary log file named `binlog.000003`, use this command:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.0000003

The output includes all events contained in `binlog.000003`. Event information includes the statement executed, the time the statement took, the thread ID of the client that issued it, the timestamp when it was executed, and so forth.

The output from mysqlbinlog can be re-executed (for example, by using it as input to mysql) to reapply the statements in the log. This is useful for recovery operations after a server crash. For other usage examples, see the discussion later in this section.

Normally, you use mysqlbinlog to read binary log files directly and apply them to the local MySQL server. It is also possible to read binary logs from a remote server by using the `--read-from-remote-server` option. When you read remote binary logs, the connection parameter options can be given to indicate how to connect to the server. These options are `--host`, `--password`, `--port`, `--protocol`, `--socket`, and `--user`; they are ignored except when you also use the `--read-from-remote-server` option.

Binary logs and relay logs are discussed further in Section 5.12.3, “The Binary Log”, and Section 6.3.4, “Replication Relay and Status Files”.

mysqlbinlog supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--database=`db_name``, `-d `db_name``

  List entries for just this database (local log only). You can only specify one database with this option - if you specify multiple `--database` options, only the last one is used. This option forces mysqlbinlog to output entries from the binary log where the default database (that is, the one selected by `USE`) is `db_name`. Note that this does not replicate cross-database statements such as `UPDATE `some_db.some_table` SET foo='bar'` while having selected a different database or no database.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. A typical `debug_options` string is often `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--disable-log-bin`, `-D`

  Disable binary logging. This is useful for avoiding an endless loop if you use the `--to-last-log` option and are sending the output to the same MySQL server. This option also is useful when restoring after a crash to avoid duplication of the statements you have logged.

  This option requires that you have the `SUPER` privilege. It causes mysqlbinlog to include a `SET SQL_LOG_BIN=0` statement in its output to disable binary logging of the remaining output. The `SET` statement is ineffective unless you have the `SUPER` privilege.

- `--force-read`, `-f`

  With this option, if mysqlbinlog reads a binary log event that it does not recognize, it prints a warning, ignores the event, and continues. Without this option, mysqlbinlog stops if it reads such an event.

- `--hexdump`, `-H`

  Display a hex dump of the log in comments. This output can be helpful for replication debugging. Hex dump format is discussed later in this section. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.16.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Get the binary log from the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--local-load=`path``, `-l `path``

  Prepare local temporary files for `LOAD DATA INFILE` in the specified directory.

- `--offset=`N``, `-o `N``

  Skip the first `N` entries in the log.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for connecting to a remote server.

- `--position=`N``, `-j `N``

  Deprecated. Use `--start-position` instead.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--read-from-remote-server`, `-R`

  Read the binary log from a MySQL server rather than reading a local log file. Any connection parameter options are ignored unless this option is given as well. These options are `--host`, `--password`, `--port`, `--protocol`, `--socket`, and `--user`.

- `--result-file=`name``, `-r `name``

  Direct output to the given file.

- `--set-charset=`charset_name``

  Add a `SET NAMES `charset_name`` statement to the output to specify the character set to be used for processing log files. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.23.

- `--short-form`, `-s`

  Display only the statements contained in the log, without any extra information.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--start-datetime=`datetime``

  Start reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal to or later than the `datetime` argument. The `datetime` value is relative to the local time zone on the machine where you run mysqlbinlog. The value should be in a format accepted for the `DATETIME` or `TIMESTAMP` data types. For example:

      shell> mysqlbinlog --start-datetime="2005-12-25 11:25:56" binlog.000003

  This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See Section 5.10.2, “Example Backup and Recovery Strategy”.

- `--stop-datetime=`datetime``

  Stop reading the binary log at the first event having a timestamp equal or posterior to the `datetime` argument. This option is useful for point-in-time recovery. See the description of the `--start-datetime` option for information about the `datetime` value.

- `--start-position=`N``

  Start reading the binary log at the first event having a position equal to the `N` argument. This option applies to the first log file named on the command line.

- `--stop-position=`N``

  Stop reading the binary log at the first event having a position equal or greater than the `N` argument. This option applies to the last log file named on the command line.

- `--to-last-log`, `-t`

  Do not stop at the end of the requested binary log from a MySQL server, but rather continue printing until the end of the last binary log. If you send the output to the same MySQL server, this may lead to an endless loop. This option requires `--read-from-remote-server`.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to a remote server.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

You can also set the following variable by using `--`var_name`=`value`` syntax:

- `open_files_limit`

  Specify the number of open file descriptors to reserve.

It is also possible to set variables by using `--set-variable=`var_name`=`value`` or `-O `var_name`=`value`` syntax. This syntax is deprecated.

You can pipe the output of mysqlbinlog into the mysql client to execute the statements contained in the binary log. This is used to recover from a crash when you have an old backup (see Section 5.10.1, “Database Backups”). For example:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 | mysql

Or:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.[0-9]* | mysql

You can also redirect the output of mysqlbinlog to a text file instead, if you need to modify the statement log first (for example, to remove statements that you do not want to execute for some reason). After editing the file, execute the statements that it contains by using it as input to the mysql program.

mysqlbinlog has the `--start-position` option, which prints only those statements with an offset in the binary log greater than or equal to a given position (the given position must match the start of one event). It also has options to stop and start when it sees an event with a given date and time. This enables you to perform point-in-time recovery using the `--stop-datetime` option (to be able to say, for example, “roll forward my databases to how they were today at 10:30 a.m.”).

If you have more than one binary log to execute on the MySQL server, the safe method is to process them all using a single connection to the server. Here is an example that demonstrates what may be unsafe:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 | mysql # DANGER!!
    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000002 | mysql # DANGER!!

Processing binary logs this way using different connections to the server causes problems if the first log file contains a `CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE` statement and the second log contains a statement that uses the temporary table. When the first mysql process terminates, the server drops the temporary table. When the second mysql process attempts to use the table, the server reports “unknown table.”

To avoid problems like this, use a single connection to execute the contents of all binary logs that you want to process. Here is one way to do so:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 binlog.000002 | mysql

Another approach is to write all the logs to a single file and then process the file:

    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 >  /tmp/statements.sql
    shell> mysqlbinlog binlog.000002 >> /tmp/statements.sql
    shell> mysql -e "source /tmp/statements.sql"

mysqlbinlog can produce output that reproduces a `LOAD DATA INFILE` operation without the original data file. mysqlbinlog copies the data to a temporary file and writes a `LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE` statement that refers to the file. The default location of the directory where these files are written is system-specific. To specify a directory explicitly, use the `--local-load` option.

Because mysqlbinlog converts `LOAD DATA INFILE` statements to `LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE` statements (that is, it adds `LOCAL`), both the client and the server that you use to process the statements must be configured to allow `LOCAL` capability. See Section 5.7.4, “Security Issues with `LOAD DATA LOCAL`”.

Warning: The temporary files created for `LOAD DATA LOCAL` statements are not automatically deleted because they are needed until you actually execute those statements. You should delete the temporary files yourself after you no longer need the statement log. The files can be found in the temporary file directory and have names like `original_file_name-#-#`.

The `--hexdump` option produces a hex dump of the log contents in comments:

    shell> mysqlbinlog --hexdump master-bin.000001

With the preceding command, the output might look like this:

    /*!40019 SET @@session.max_insert_delayed_threads=0*/;
    /*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
    # at 4
    #051024 17:24:13 server id 1  end_log_pos 98
    # Position  Timestamp   Type   Master ID        Size      Master Pos    Flags
    # 00000004 9d fc 5c 43   0f   01 00 00 00   5e 00 00 00   62 00 00 00   00 00
    # 00000017 04 00 35 2e 30 2e 31 35  2d 64 65 62 75 67 2d 6c |..5.0.15.debug.l|
    # 00000027 6f 67 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |og..............|
    # 00000037 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|
    # 00000047 00 00 00 00 9d fc 5c 43  13 38 0d 00 08 00 12 00 |.......C.8......|
    # 00000057 04 04 04 04 12 00 00 4b  00 04 1a                |.......K...|
    #       Start: binlog v 4, server v 5.0.15-debug-log created 051024 17:24:13
    #       at startup
    ROLLBACK;

Hex dump output currently contains the following elements. This format might change in the future.

- `Position`: The byte position within the log file.

- `Timestamp`: The event timestamp. In the example shown, `'9d fc 5c 43'` is the representation of `'051024 17:24:13'` in hexadecimal.

- `Type`: The type of the log event. In the example shown, `'0f'` means that the example event is a `FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT`. The following table lists the possible types.

  Type | Name | Meaning
  `00` | `UNKNOWN_EVENT` | This event should never be present in the log.
  `01` | `START_EVENT_V3` | This indicates the start of a log file written by MySQL 4 or earlier.
  `02` | `QUERY_EVENT` | The most common type of events. These contain statements executed on the master.
  `03` | `STOP_EVENT` | Indicates that master has stopped.
  `04` | `ROTATE_EVENT` | Written when the master switches to a new log file.
  `05` | `INTVAR_EVENT` | Used mainly for `AUTO_INCREMENT` values and when the `LAST_INSERT_ID()` function is used in the statement.
  `06` | `LOAD_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` in MySQL 3.23.
  `07` | `SLAVE_EVENT` | Reserved for future use.
  `08` | `CREATE_FILE_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` statements. This indicates the start of execution of such a statement. A temporary file is created on the slave. Used in MySQL 4 only.
  `09` | `APPEND_BLOCK_EVENT` | Contains data for use in a `LOAD DATA INFILE` statement. The data is stored in the temporary file on the slave.
  `0a` | `EXEC_LOAD_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` statements. The contents of the temporary file is stored in the table on the slave. Used in MySQL 4 only.
  `0b` | `DELETE_FILE_EVENT` | Rollback of a `LOAD DATA INFILE` statement. The temporary file should be deleted on slave.
  `0c` | `NEW_LOAD_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` in MySQL 4 and earlier.
  `0d` | `RAND_EVENT` | Used to send information about random values if the `RAND()` function is used in the statement.
  `0e` | `USER_VAR_EVENT` | Used to replicate user variables.
  `0f` | `FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT` | This indicates the start of a log file written by MySQL 5 or later.
  `10` | `XID_EVENT` | Event indicating commit of an XA transaction.
  `11` | `BEGIN_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` statements in MySQL 5 and later.
  `12` | `EXECUTE_LOAD_QUERY_EVENT` | Used for `LOAD DATA INFILE` statements in MySQL 5 and later.
  `13` | `TABLE_MAP_EVENT` | Reserved for future use.
  `14` | `WRITE_ROWS_EVENT` | Reserved for future use.
  `15` | `UPDATE_ROWS_EVENT` | Reserved for future use.
  `16` | `DELETE_ROWS_EVENT` | Reserved for future use.

- `Master ID`: The server id of the master that created the event.

- `Size`: The size in bytes of the event.

- `Master Pos`: The position of the event in the original master log file.

- `Flags`: 16 flags. Currently, the following flags are used. The others are reserved for the future.

  Flag | Name | Meaning
  `01` | `LOG_EVENT_BINLOG_IN_USE_F` | Log file correctly closed. (Used only in `FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT`.) If this flag is set (if the flags are, for example, `'01 00'`) in a `FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT`, the log file has not been properly closed. Most probably this is because of a master crash (for example, due to power failure).
  `02` |  | Reserved for future use.
  `04` | `LOG_EVENT_THREAD_SPECIFIC_F` | Set if the event is dependent on the connection it was executed in (for example, `'04 00'`), for example, if the event uses temporary tables.
  `08` | `LOG_EVENT_SUPPRESS_USE_F` | Set in some circumstances when the event is not dependent on the default database.

  The other flags are reserved for future use.

## 8.12. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance and Repair Program

The mysqlcheck client checks, repairs, optimizes, and analyzes tables.

mysqlcheck is similar in function to myisamchk, but works differently. The main operational difference is that mysqlcheck must be used when the mysqld server is running, whereas myisamchk should be used when it is not. The benefit of using mysqlcheck is that you do not have to stop the server to check or repair your tables.

mysqlcheck uses the SQL statements `CHECK TABLE`, `REPAIR TABLE`, `ANALYZE TABLE`, and `OPTIMIZE TABLE` in a convenient way for the user. It determines which statements to use for the operation you want to perform, and then sends the statements to the server to be executed. For details about which storage engines each statement works with, see the descriptions for those statements in Chapter 13, SQL Statement Syntax.

The `MyISAM` storage engine supports all four statements, so mysqlcheck can be used to perform all four operations on `MyISAM` tables. Other storage engines do not necessarily support all operations. In such cases, an error message is displayed. For example, if `test.t` is a `MEMORY` table, an attempt to check it produces this result:

    shell> mysqlcheck test t
    test.t
    note     : The storage engine for the table doesn't support check

There are three general ways to invoke mysqlcheck:

    shell> mysqlcheck [options] db_name [tables]
    shell> mysqlcheck [options] --databases db_name1 [db_name2 db_name3...]
    shell> mysqlcheck [options] --all-databases

If you do not name any tables following `db_name` or if you use the `--databases` or `--all-databases` option, entire databases are checked.

mysqlcheck has a special feature compared to other client programs. The default behavior of checking tables (`--check`) can be changed by renaming the binary. If you want to have a tool that repairs tables by default, you should just make a copy of mysqlcheck named mysqlrepair, or make a symbolic link to mysqlcheck named mysqlrepair. If you invoke mysqlrepair, it repairs tables.

The following names can be used to change mysqlcheck default behavior:

mysqlrepair | The default option is `--repair`
mysqlanalyze | The default option is `--analyze`
mysqloptimize | The default option is `--optimize`

mysqlcheck supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--all-databases`, `-A`

  Check all tables in all databases. This is the same as using the `--databases` option and naming all the databases on the command line.

- `--all-in-1`, `-1`

  Instead of issuing a statement for each table, execute a single statement for each database that names all the tables from that database to be processed.

- `--analyze`, `-a`

  Analyze the tables.

- `--auto-repair`

  If a checked table is corrupted, automatically fix it. Any necessary repairs are done after all tables have been checked.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--check`, `-c`

  Check the tables for errors. This is the default operation.

- `--check-only-changed`, `-C`

  Check only tables that have changed since the last check or that have not been closed properly.

- `--check-upgrade`, `-g`

  Invoke `CHECK TABLE` with the `FOR UPGRADE` option to check tables for incompatibilities with the current version of the server. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.19.

- `--compress`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--databases`, `-B`

  Process all tables in the named databases. Normally, mysqlcheck treats the first name argument on the command line as a database name and following names as table names. With this option, it treats all name arguments as database names.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. A typical `debug_options` string is often `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--extended`, `-e`

  If you are using this option to check tables, it ensures that they are 100% consistent but takes a long time.

  If you are using this option to repair tables, it runs an extended repair that may not only take a long time to execute, but may produce a lot of garbage rows also!

- `--fast`, `-F`

  Check only tables that have not been closed properly.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Continue even if an SQL error occurs.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--medium-check`, `-m`

  Do a check that is faster than an `--extended` operation. This finds only 99.99% of all errors, which should be good enough in most cases.

- `--optimize`, `-o`

  Optimize the tables.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--quick`, `-q`

  If you are using this option to check tables, it prevents the check from scanning the rows to check for incorrect links. This is the fastest check method.

  If you are using this option to repair tables, it tries to repair only the index tree. This is the fastest repair method.

- `--repair`, `-r`

  Perform a repair that can fix almost anything except unique keys that are not unique.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Print only error messages.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--tables`

  Overrides the `--databases` or `-B` option. All name arguments following the option are regarded as table names.

- `--use-frm`

  For repair operations on `MyISAM` tables, get the table structure from the `.frm` file so that the table can be repaired even if the `.MYI` header is corrupted.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print information about the various stages of program operation.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

## 8.13. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program

The mysqldump client is a backup program originally written by Igor Romanenko. It can be used to dump a database or a collection of databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump typically contains SQL statements to create the table, populate it, or both. However, mysqldump can also be used to generate files in CSV, other delimited text, or XML format.

If you are doing a backup on the server and your tables all are `MyISAM` tables, consider using the mysqlhotcopy instead because it can accomplish faster backups and faster restores. See Section 8.14, “mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program”.

There are three general ways to invoke mysqldump:

    shell> mysqldump [options] db_name [tables]
    shell> mysqldump [options] --databases db_name1 [db_name2 db_name3...]
    shell> mysqldump [options] --all-databases

If you do not name any tables following `db_name` or if you use the `--databases` or `--all-databases` option, entire databases are dumped.

To get a list of the options your version of mysqldump supports, execute mysqldump --help.

Some mysqldump options are shorthand for groups of other options. `--opt` and `--compact` fall into this category. For example, use of `--opt` is the same as specifying `--add-drop-table --add-locks --create-options --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset`. Note that all of the options that `--opt` stands for also are on by default because `--opt` is on by default.

To reverse the effect of a group option, uses its `--skip-`xxx`` form (`--skip-opt` or `--skip-compact`). It is also possible to select only part of the effect of a group option by following it with options that enable or disable specific features. Here are some examples:

- To select the effect of `--opt` except for some features, use the `--skip` option for each feature. For example, to disable extended inserts and memory buffering, use `--opt --skip-extended-insert --skip-quick`. (As of MySQL 5.0, `--skip-extended-insert --skip-quick` is sufficient because `--opt` is on by default.)

- To reverse `--opt` for all features except index disabling and table locking, use `--skip-opt --disable-keys --lock-tables`.

When you selectively enable or disable the effect of a group option, order is important because options are processed first to last. For example, `--disable-keys --lock-tables --skip-opt` would not have the intended effect; it is the same as `--skip-opt` by itself.

mysqldump can retrieve and dump table contents row by row, or it can retrieve the entire content from a table and buffer it in memory before dumping it. Buffering in memory can be a problem if you are dumping large tables. To dump tables row by row, use the `--quick` option (or `--opt`, which enables `--quick`). `--opt` (and hence `--quick`) is enabled by default as of MySQL 5.0 to enable memory buffering, use `--skip-quick`.

If you are using a recent version of mysqldump to generate a dump to be reloaded into a very old MySQL server, you should not use the `--opt` or `--extended-insert` option. Use `--skip-opt` instead.

mysqldump supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--add-drop-database`

  Add a `DROP DATABASE` statement before each `CREATE DATABASE` statement.

- `--add-drop-table`

  Add a `DROP TABLE` statement before each `CREATE TABLE` statement.

- `--add-locks`

  Surround each table dump with `LOCK TABLES` and `UNLOCK TABLES` statements. This results in faster inserts when the dump file is reloaded. See Section 7.2.16, “Speed of `INSERT` Statements”.

- `--all-databases`, `-A`

  Dump all tables in all databases. This is the same as using the `--databases` option and naming all the databases on the command line.

- `--allow-keywords`

  Allow creation of column names that are keywords. This works by prefixing each column name with the table name.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--comments`, `-i`

  Write additional information in the dump file such as program version, server version, and host. This option is enabled by default. To suppress this additional information, use `--skip-comments`.

- `--compact`

  Produce less verbose output. This option suppresses comments and enables the `--skip-add-drop-table`, `--no-set-names`, `--skip-disable-keys`, and `--skip-add-locks` options.

- `--compatible=`name``

  Produce output that is more compatible with other database systems or with older MySQL servers. The value of `name` can be `ansi`, `mysql323`, `mysql40`, `postgresql`, `oracle`, `mssql`, `db2`, `maxdb`, `no_key_options`, `no_table_options`, or `no_field_options`. To use several values, separate them by commas. These values have the same meaning as the corresponding options for setting the server SQL mode. See Section 5.2.6, “SQL Modes”.

  This option does not guarantee compatibility with other servers. It only enables those SQL mode values that are currently available for making dump output more compatible. For example, `--compatible=oracle` does not map data types to Oracle types or use Oracle comment syntax.

- `--complete-insert`, `-c`

  Use complete `INSERT` statements that include column names.

- `--compress`, `-C`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--create-options`

  Include all MySQL-specific table options in the `CREATE TABLE` statements.

- `--databases`, `-B`

  Dump several databases. Normally, mysqldump treats the first name argument on the command line as a database name and following names as table names. With this option, it treats all name arguments as database names. `CREATE DATABASE` and `USE` statements are included in the output before each new database.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string is often `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`. The default value is `'d:t:o,/tmp/mysqldump.trace'`.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”. If no character set is specified, mysqldump uses `utf8`.

- `--delayed-insert`

  Write `INSERT DELAYED` statements rather than `INSERT` statements.

- `--delete-master-logs`

  On a master replication server, delete the binary logs after performing the dump operation. This option automatically enables `--master-data`.

- `--disable-keys`, `-K`

  For each table, surround the `INSERT` statements with `/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `tbl_name` DISABLE KEYS */;` and `/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `tbl_name` ENABLE KEYS */;` statements. This makes loading the dump file faster because the indexes are created after all rows are inserted. This option is effective for `MyISAM` tables only.

- `--extended-insert`, `-e`

  Use multiple-row `INSERT` syntax that include several `VALUES` lists. This results in a smaller dump file and speeds up inserts when the file is reloaded.

- `--fields-terminated-by=...`, `--fields-enclosed-by=...`, `--fields-optionally-enclosed-by=...`, `--fields-escaped-by=...`

  These options are used with the `-T` option and have the same meaning as the corresponding clauses for `LOAD DATA INFILE`. See Section 13.2.5, “`LOAD DATA INFILE` Syntax”.

- `--first-slave`, `-x`

  Deprecated. Now renamed to `--lock-all-tables`.

- `--flush-logs`, `-F`

  Flush the MySQL server log files before starting the dump. This option requires the `RELOAD` privilege. Note that if you use this option in combination with the `--all-databases` (or `-A`) option, the logs are flushed for each database dumped. The exception is when using `--lock-all-tables` or `--master-data`: In this case, the logs are flushed only once, corresponding to the moment that all tables are locked. If you want your dump and the log flush to happen at exactly the same moment, you should use `--flush-logs` together with either `--lock-all-tables` or `--master-data`.

- `--flush-privileges`

  Emit a `FLUSH PRIVILEGES` statement after dumping the `mysql` database. This option should be used any time the dump contains the `mysql` database and any other database that depends on the data in the `mysql` database for proper restoration. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.26.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Continue even if an SQL error occurs during a table dump.

  One use for this option is to cause mysqldump to continue executing even when it encounters a view that has become invalid because the defintion refers to a table that has been dropped. Without `--force`, mysqldump exits with an error message. With `--force`, mysqldump prints the error message, but it also writes a SQL comment containing the view definition to the dump output and continues executing.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Dump data from the MySQL server on the given host. The default host is `localhost`.

- `--hex-blob`

  Dump binary columns using hexadecimal notation (for example, `'abc'` becomes `0x616263`). The affected data types are `BINARY`, `VARBINARY`, and `BLOB`. As of MySQL 5.0.13, `BIT` columns are affected as well.

- `--ignore-table=`db_name.tbl_name``

  Do not dump the given table, which must be specified using both the database and table names. To ignore multiple tables, use this option multiple times.

- `--insert-ignore`

  Write `INSERT` statements with the `IGNORE` option.

- `--lines-terminated-by=...`

  This option is used with the `-T` option and has the same meaning as the corresponding clause for `LOAD DATA INFILE`. See Section 13.2.5, “`LOAD DATA INFILE` Syntax”.

- `--lock-all-tables`, `-x`

  Lock all tables across all databases. This is achieved by acquiring a global read lock for the duration of the whole dump. This option automatically turns off `--single-transaction` and `--lock-tables`.

- `--lock-tables`, `-l`

  Lock all tables before dumping them. The tables are locked with `READ LOCAL` to allow concurrent inserts in the case of `MyISAM` tables. For transactional tables such as `InnoDB` and `BDB`, `--single-transaction` is a much better option, because it does not need to lock the tables at all.

  Please note that when dumping multiple databases, `--lock-tables` locks tables for each database separately. Therefore, this option does not guarantee that the tables in the dump file are logically consistent between databases. Tables in different databases may be dumped in completely different states.

- `--master-data[=`value`]`

  Write the binary log filename and position to the output. This option requires the `RELOAD` privilege and the binary log must be enabled. If the option value is equal to 1, the position and filename are written to the dump output in the form of a `CHANGE MASTER` statement. If the dump is from a master server and you use it to set up a slave server, the `CHANGE MASTER` statement causes the slave to start from the correct position in the master's binary logs. If the option value is equal to 2, the `CHANGE MASTER` statement is written as an SQL comment. (This is the default action if `value` is omitted.)

  The `--master-data` option automatically turns off `--lock-tables`. It also turns on `--lock-all-tables`, unless `--single-transaction` also is specified (in which case, a global read lock is acquired only for a short time at the beginning of the dump. See also the description for `--single-transaction`. In all cases, any action on logs happens at the exact moment of the dump.

- `--no-autocommit`

  Enclose the `INSERT` statements for each dumped table within `SET AUTOCOMMIT=0` and `COMMIT` statements.

- `--no-create-db`, `-n`

  This option suppresses the `CREATE DATABASE` statements that are otherwise included in the output if the `--databases` or `--all-databases` option is given.

- `--no-create-info`, `-t`

  Do not write `CREATE TABLE` statements that re-create each dumped table.

- `--no-data`, `-d`

  Do not write any table row information (that is, do not dump table contents). This is very useful if you want to dump only the `CREATE TABLE` statement for the table.

- `--opt`

  This option is shorthand; it is the same as specifying `--add-drop-table --add-locks --create-options --disable-keys --extended-insert --lock-tables --quick --set-charset`. It should give you a fast dump operation and produce a dump file that can be reloaded into a MySQL server quickly.

  The `--opt` option is enabled by default. Use `--skip-opt` to disable it. See the discussion at the beginning of this section for information about selectively enabling or disabling certain of the options affected by `--opt`.

- `--order-by-primary`

  Sorts each table's rows by its primary key, or by its first unique index, if such an index exists. This is useful when dumping a `MyISAM` table to be loaded into an `InnoDB` table, but will make the dump itself take considerably longer.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--quick`, `-q`

  This option is useful for dumping large tables. It forces mysqldump to retrieve rows for a table from the server a row at a time rather than retrieving the entire row set and buffering it in memory before writing it out.

- `--quote-names`, `-Q`

  Quote database, table, and column names within ‘```’ characters. If the `ANSI_QUOTES` SQL mode is enabled, names are quoted within ‘`"`’ characters. This option is enabled by default. It can be disabled with `--skip-quote-names`, but this option should be given after any option such as `--compatible` that may enable `--quote-names`.

- `--result-file=`file``, `-r `file``

  Direct output to a given file. This option should be used on Windows to prevent newline ‘`\n`’ characters from being converted to ‘`\r\n`’ carriage return/newline sequences. The result file is created and its contents overwritten, even if an error occurs while generating the dump. The previous contents are lost.

- `--routines`, `-R`

  Dump stored routines (functions and procedures) from the dumped databases. Use of this option requires the `SELECT` privilege for the `mysql.proc` table. The output generated by using `--routines` contains `CREATE PROCEDURE` and `CREATE FUNCTION` statements to re-create the routines. However, these statements do not include attributes such as the routine creation and modification timestamps. This means that when the routines are reloaded, they will be created with the timestamps equal to the reload time.

  If you require routines to be re-created with their original timestamp attributes, do not use `--routines`. Instead, dump and reload the contents of the `mysql.proc` table directly, using a MySQL account that has appropriate privileges for the `mysql` database.

  This option was added in MySQL 5.0.13. Before that, stored routines are not dumped. Routine `DEFINER` values are not dumped until MySQL 5.0.20. This means that before 5.0.20, when routines are reloaded, they will be created with the definer set to the reloading user. If you require routines to be re-created with their original definer, dump and load the contents of the `mysql.proc` table directly as described earlier.

- `--set-charset`

  Add `SET NAMES `default_character_set`` to the output. This option is enabled by default. To suppress the `SET NAMES` statement, use `--skip-set-charset`.

- `--single-transaction`

  This option issues a `BEGIN` SQL statement before dumping data from the server. It is useful only with transactional tables such as `InnoDB` and `BDB`, because then it dumps the consistent state of the database at the time when `BEGIN` was issued without blocking any applications.

  When using this option, you should keep in mind that only `InnoDB` tables are dumped in a consistent state. For example, any `MyISAM` or `MEMORY` tables dumped while using this option may still change state.

  The `--single-transaction` option and the `--lock-tables` option are mutually exclusive, because `LOCK TABLES` causes any pending transactions to be committed implicitly.

  This option is not supported for MySQL Cluster tables; the results cannot be guaranteed to be consistent due to the fact that the `NDBCluster` storage engine supports only the `READ_COMMITTED` transaction isolation level. You should always use `NDB` backup and restore instead.

  To dump large tables, you should combine this option with `--quick`.

- `--skip-opt`

  See the description for the `--opt` option.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--skip-comments`

  See the description for the `--comments` option.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--tab=`path``, `-T `path``

  Produce tab-separated data files. For each dumped table, mysqldump creates a ``tbl_name`.sql` file that contains the `CREATE TABLE` statement that creates the table, and a ``tbl_name`.txt` file that contains its data. The option value is the directory in which to write the files.

  By default, the `.txt` data files are formatted using tab characters between column values and a newline at the end of each line. The format can be specified explicitly using the `--fields-`xxx`` and `--lines-terminated-by` options.

  Note: This option should be used only when mysqldump is run on the same machine as the mysqld server. You must have the `FILE` privilege, and the server must have permission to write files in the directory that you specify.

- `--tables`

  Override the `--databases` or `-B` option. mysqldump regards all name arguments following the option as table names.

- `--triggers`

  Dump triggers for each dumped table. This option is enabled by default; disable it with `--skip-triggers`. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.11. Before that, triggers are not dumped.

- `--tz-utc`

  Add `SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00'` to the dump file so that `TIMESTAMP` columns can be dumped and reloaded between servers in different time zones. Without this option, `TIMESTAMP` columns are dumped and reloaded in the time zones local to the source and destination servers, which can cause the values to change. `--tz-utc` also protects against changes due to daylight saving time. `--tz-utc` is enabled by default. To disable it, use `--skip-tz-utc`. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.15.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

- `--where='`where_condition`'`, `-w '`where_condition`'`

  Dump only rows selected by the given `WHERE` condition. Quotes around the condition are mandatory if it contains spaces or other characters that are special to your command interpreter.

  Examples:

      --where="user='jimf'"
      -w"userid>1"
      -w"userid<1"

- `--xml`, `-X`

  Write dump output as well-formed XML.

  `NULL`, `'NULL'`, and Empty Values: For some column named `column_name`, the `NULL` value, an empty string, and the string value `'NULL'` are distinguished from one another in the output generated by this option as follows:

  Value: | XML Representation:
  `NULL` (unknown value) | `<field name="`column_name`" xsi:nil="true" />`
  `''` (empty string) | `<field name="`column_name`"></field>`
  `'NULL'` (string value) | `<field name="`column_name`">NULL</field>`

  Beginning with MySQL 5.0.26, the output from the mysql client when run using the `--xml` option also follows these rules. (See Section 8.7.1, “mysql Options”.)

You can also set the following variables by using `--`var_name`=`value`` syntax:

- `max_allowed_packet`

  The maximum size of the buffer for client/server communication. The maximum is 1GB.

- `net_buffer_length`

  The initial size of the buffer for client/server communication. When creating multiple-row-insert statements (as with option `--extended-insert` or `--opt`), mysqldump creates rows up to `net_buffer_length` length. If you increase this variable, you should also ensure that the `net_buffer_length` variable in the MySQL server is at least this large.

It is also possible to set variables by using `--set-variable=`var_name`=`value`` or `-O `var_name`=`value`` syntax. This syntax is deprecated.

The most common use of mysqldump is probably for making a backup of an entire database:

    shell> mysqldump db_name > backup-file.sql

You can read the dump file back into the server like this:

    shell> mysql db_name < backup-file.sql

Or like this:

    shell> mysql -e "source /path-to-backup/backup-file.sql" db_name

mysqldump is also very useful for populating databases by copying data from one MySQL server to another:

    shell> mysqldump --opt db_name | mysql --host=remote_host -C db_name

It is possible to dump several databases with one command:

    shell> mysqldump --databases db_name1 [db_name2 ...] > my_databases.sql

To dump all databases, use the `--all-databases` option:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases > all_databases.sql

For `InnoDB` tables, `mysqldump` provides a way of making an online backup:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --single-transaction > all_databases.sql

This backup just needs to acquire a global read lock on all tables (using `FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK`) at the beginning of the dump. As soon as this lock has been acquired, the binary log coordinates are read and the lock is released. If and only if one long updating statement is running when the `FLUSH` statement is issued, the MySQL server may get stalled until that long statement finishes, and then the dump becomes lock-free. If the update statements that the MySQL server receives are short (in terms of execution time), the initial lock period should not be noticeable, even with many updates.

For point-in-time recovery (also known as “roll-forward,” when you need to restore an old backup and replay the changes that happened since that backup), it is often useful to rotate the binary log (see Section 5.12.3, “The Binary Log”) or at least know the binary log coordinates to which the dump corresponds:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --master-data=2 > all_databases.sql

Or:

    shell> mysqldump --all-databases --flush-logs --master-data=2
                  > all_databases.sql

The `--master-data` and `--single-transaction` options can be used simultaneously, which provides a convenient way to make an online backup suitable for point-in-time recovery if tables are stored using the `InnoDB` storage engine.

For more information on making backups, see Section 5.10.1, “Database Backups”, and Section 5.10.2, “Example Backup and Recovery Strategy”.

If you encounter problems backing up views, please read the section that covers restrictions on views which describes a workaround for backing up views when this fails due to insufficient privileges. See Section L.4, “Restrictions on Views”.

## 8.14. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program

mysqlhotcopy is a Perl script that was originally written and contributed by Tim Bunce. It uses `LOCK TABLES`, `FLUSH TABLES`, and `cp` or `scp` to make a database backup quickly. It is the fastest way to make a backup of the database or single tables, but it can be run only on the same machine where the database directories are located. mysqlhotcopy works only for backing up `MyISAM` and `ARCHIVE` tables. It runs on Unix and NetWare.

    shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name [/path/to/new_directory]

    shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name_1 ... db_name_n /path/to/new_directory

Back up tables in the given database that match a regular expression:

    shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name./regex/

The regular expression for the table name can be negated by prefixing it with a tilde (‘`~`’):

    shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name./~regex/

mysqlhotcopy supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--addtodest`

  Do not rename target directory (if it exists); merely add files to it.

- `--allowold`

  Do not abort if a target exists; rename it by adding an `_old` suffix.

- `--checkpoint=`db_name`.`tbl_name``

  Insert checkpoint entries into the specified database `db_name` and table `tbl_name`.

- `--chroot=`path``

  Base directory of the chroot jail in which mysqld operates. The `path` value should match that of the `--chroot` option given to mysqld.

- `--debug`

  Enable debug output.

- `--dryrun`, `-n`

  Report actions without performing them.

- `--flushlog`

  Flush logs after all tables are locked.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  The hostname of the local host to use for making a TCP/IP connection to the local server. By default, the connection is made to `localhost` using a Unix socket file.

- `--keepold`

  Do not delete previous (renamed) target when done.

- `--method=`command``

  The method for copying files (`cp` or `scp`).

- `--noindices`

  Do not include full index files in the backup. This makes the backup smaller and faster. The indexes for reloaded tables can be reconstructed later with myisamchk -rq.

- `--password=`password``, `-p`password``

  The password to use when connecting to the server. Note that the password value is not optional for this option, unlike for other MySQL programs. You can use an option file to avoid giving the password on the command line.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use when connecting to the local server.

- `--quiet`, `-q`

  Be silent except for errors.

- `--record_log_pos=`db_name`.`tbl_name``

  Record master and slave status in the specified database `db_name` and table `tbl_name`.

- `--regexp=`expr``

  Copy all databases with names that match the given regular expression.

- `--resetmaster`

  Reset the binary log after locking all the tables.

- `--resetslave`

  Reset the `master.info` file after locking all the tables.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  The Unix socket file to use for the connection.

- `--suffix=`str``

  The suffix for names of copied databases.

- `--tmpdir=`path``

  The temporary directory. The default is `/tmp`.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

mysqlhotcopy reads the `[client]` and `[mysqlhotcopy]` option groups from option files.

To execute mysqlhotcopy, you must have access to the files for the tables that you are backing up, the `SELECT` privilege for those tables, the `RELOAD` privilege (to be able to execute `FLUSH TABLES`), and the `LOCK TABLES` privilege (to be able to lock the tables).

Use `perldoc` for additional mysqlhotcopy documentation, including information about the structure of the tables needed for the `--checkpoint` and `--record_log_pos` options:

    shell> perldoc mysqlhotcopy

## 8.15. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program

The mysqlimport client provides a command-line interface to the `LOAD DATA INFILE` SQL statement. Most options to mysqlimport correspond directly to clauses of `LOAD DATA INFILE` syntax. See Section 13.2.5, “`LOAD DATA INFILE` Syntax”.

Invoke mysqlimport like this:

    shell> mysqlimport [options] db_name textfile1 [textfile2 ...]

For each text file named on the command line, mysqlimport strips any extension from the filename and uses the result to determine the name of the table into which to import the file's contents. For example, files named `patient.txt`, `patient.text`, and `patient` all would be imported into a table named `patient`.

mysqlimport supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--columns=`column_list``, `-c `column_list``

  This option takes a comma-separated list of column names as its value. The order of the column names indicates how to match data file columns with table columns.

- `--compress`, `-C`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--delete`, `-D`

  Empty the table before importing the text file.

- `--fields-terminated-by=...`, `--fields-enclosed-by=...`, `--fields-optionally-enclosed-by=...`, `--fields-escaped-by=...`

  These options have the same meaning as the corresponding clauses for `LOAD DATA INFILE`. See Section 13.2.5, “`LOAD DATA INFILE` Syntax”.

- `--force`, `-f`

  Ignore errors. For example, if a table for a text file does not exist, continue processing any remaining files. Without `--force`, mysqlimport exits if a table does not exist.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Import data to the MySQL server on the given host. The default host is `localhost`.

- `--ignore`, `-i`

  See the description for the `--replace` option.

- `--ignore-lines=`N``

  Ignore the first `N` lines of the data file.

- `--lines-terminated-by=...`

  This option has the same meaning as the corresponding clause for `LOAD DATA INFILE`. For example, to import Windows files that have lines terminated with carriage return/linefeed pairs, use `--lines-terminated-by="\r\n"`. (You might have to double the backslashes, depending on the escaping conventions of your command interpreter.) See Section 13.2.5, “`LOAD DATA INFILE` Syntax”.

- `--local`, `-L`

  Read input files locally from the client host.

- `--lock-tables`, `-l`

  Lock all tables for writing before processing any text files. This ensures that all tables are synchronized on the server.

- `--low-priority`

  Use `LOW_PRIORITY` when loading the table.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--replace`, `-r`

  The `--replace` and `--ignore` options control handling of input rows that duplicate existing rows on unique key values. If you specify `--replace`, new rows replace existing rows that have the same unique key value. If you specify `--ignore`, input rows that duplicate an existing row on a unique key value are skipped. If you do not specify either option, an error occurs when a duplicate key value is found, and the rest of the text file is ignored.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Produce output only when errors occur.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

Here is a sample session that demonstrates use of mysqlimport:

    shell> mysql -e 'CREATE TABLE imptest(id INT, n VARCHAR(30))' test
    shell> ed
    a
    100     Max Sydow
    101     Count Dracula
    .
    w imptest.txt
    32
    q
    shell> od -c imptest.txt
    0000000   1   0   0  \t   M   a   x       S   y   d   o   w  \n   1   0
    0000020   1  \t   C   o   u   n   t       D   r   a   c   u   l   a  \n
    0000040
    shell> mysqlimport --local test imptest.txt
    test.imptest: Records: 2  Deleted: 0  Skipped: 0  Warnings: 0
    shell> mysql -e 'SELECT * FROM imptest' test
    +------+---------------+
    | id   | n             |
    +------+---------------+
    |  100 | Max Sydow     |
    |  101 | Count Dracula |
    +------+---------------+

## 8.16. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information

The mysqlshow client can be used to quickly see which databases exist, their tables, or a table's columns or indexes.

mysqlshow provides a command-line interface to several SQL `SHOW` statements. See Section 13.5.4, “`SHOW` Syntax”. The same information can be obtained by using those statements directly. For example, you can issue them from the mysql client program.

Invoke mysqlshow like this:

    shell> mysqlshow [options] [db_name [tbl_name [col_name]]]

- If no database is given, a list of database names is shown.

- If no table is given, all matching tables in the database are shown.

- If no column is given, all matching columns and column types in the table are shown.

The output displays only the names of those databases, tables, or columns for which you have some privileges.

If the last argument contains shell or SQL wildcard characters (‘`*`’, ‘`?`’, ‘`%`’, or ‘`_`’), only those names that are matched by the wildcard are shown. If a database name contains any underscores, those should be escaped with a backslash (some Unix shells require two) to get a list of the proper tables or columns. ‘`*`’ and ‘`?`’ characters are converted into SQL ‘`%`’ and ‘`_`’ wildcard characters. This might cause some confusion when you try to display the columns for a table with a ‘`_`’ in the name, because in this case, mysqlshow shows you only the table names that match the pattern. This is easily fixed by adding an extra ‘`%`’ last on the command line as a separate argument.

mysqlshow supports the following options:

- `--help`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--character-sets-dir=`path``

  The directory where character sets are installed. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--compress`, `-C`

  Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support compression.

- `--count`

  Show the number of rows per table. This can be slow for non-`MyISAM` tables. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.6.

- `--debug[=`debug_options`]`, `-# [`debug_options`]`

  Write a debugging log. The `debug_options` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `--default-character-set=`charset_name``

  Use `charset_name` as the default character set. See Section 5.11.1, “The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting”.

- `--host=`host_name``, `-h `host_name``

  Connect to the MySQL server on the given host.

- `--keys`, `-k`

  Show table indexes.

- `--password[=`password`]`, `-p[`password`]`

  The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option form (`-p`), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you omit the `password` value following the `--password` or `-p` option on the command line, you are prompted for one.

  Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. See Section 5.9.6, “Keeping Your Password Secure”.

- `--port=`port_num``, `-P `port_num``

  The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection.

- `--protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}`

  The connection protocol to use.

- `--show-table-type`, `-t`

  Show a column indicating the table type, as in `SHOW FULL TABLES`. The type is `BASE TABLE` or `VIEW`. This option was added in MySQL 5.0.4.

- `--socket=`path``, `-S `path``

  For connections to `localhost`, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the name of the named pipe to use.

- `--ssl*`

  Options that begin with `--ssl` specify whether to connect to the server via SSL and indicate where to find SSL keys and certificates. See Section 5.9.7.3, “SSL Command Options”.

- `--status`, `-i`

  Display extra information about each table.

- `--user=`user_name``, `-u `user_name``

  The MySQL username to use when connecting to the server.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does. This option can be used multiple times to increase the amount of information.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

## 8.17. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern

mysql_zap kills processes that match a pattern. It uses the ps command and Unix signals, so it runs on Unix and Unix-like systems.

Invoke mysql_zap like this:

    shell> mysql_zap [-signal] [-?Ift] pattern

A process matches if its output line from the ps command contains the pattern. By default, mysql_zap asks for confirmation for each process. Respond `y` to kill the process, or `q` to exit mysql_zap. For any other response, mysql_zap does not attempt to kill the process.

If the `-`signal`` option is given, it specifies the name or number of the signal to send to each process. Otherwise, mysql_zap tries first with `TERM` (signal 15) and then with `KILL` (signal 9).

mysql_zap understands the following additional options:

- `--help`, `-?`, `-I`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `-f`

  Force mode. mysql_zap attempts to kill each process without confirmation.

- `-t`

  Test mode. Display information about each process but do not kill it.

## 8.18. perror — Explain Error Codes

For most system errors, MySQL displays, in addition to an internal text message, the system error code in one of the following styles:

    message ... (errno: #)
    message ... (Errcode: #)

You can find out what the error code means by examining the documentation for your system or by using the perror utility.

perror prints a description for a system error code or for a storage engine (table handler) error code.

Invoke perror like this:

    shell> perror [options] errorcode ...

Example:

    shell> perror 13 64
    Error code  13:  Permission denied
    Error code  64:  Machine is not on the network

To obtain the error message for a MySQL Cluster error code, invoke perror with the `--ndb` option:

    shell> perror --ndb errorcode

Note that the meaning of system error messages may be dependent on your operating system. A given error code may mean different things on different operating systems.

perror supports the following options:

- `--help`, `--info`, `-I`, `-?`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `--ndb`

  Print the error message for a MySQL Cluster error code.

- `--silent`, `-s`

  Silent mode. Print only the error message.

- `--verbose`, `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print error code and message. This is the default behavior.

- `--version`, `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

## 8.19. replace — A String-Replacement Utility

The replace utility program changes strings in place in files or on the standard input.

Invoke replace in one of the following ways:

    shell> replace from to [from to] ... -- file [file] ...
    shell> replace from to [from to] ... < file

`from` represents a string to look for and `to` represents its replacement. There can be one or more pairs of strings.

Use the `--` option to indicate where the string-replacement list ends and the filenames begin. In this case, any file named on the command line is modified in place, so you may want to make a copy of the original before converting it. `replace` prints a message indicating which of the input files it actually modifies.

If the `--` option is not given, replace reads the standard input and writes to the standard output.

replace uses a finite state machine to match longer strings first. It can be used to swap strings. For example, the following command swaps `a` and `b` in the given files, `file1` and `file2`:

    shell> replace a b b a -- file1 file2 ...

The replace program is used by msql2mysql. See Section 22.9.1, “msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL”.

replace supports the following options:

- `-?`, `-I`

  Display a help message and exit.

- `-# `debug_options``

  Write a debugging log. The ``debug_options`` string often is `'d:t:o,`file_name`'`.

- `-s`

  Silent mode. Print less information what the program does.

- `-v`

  Verbose mode. Print more information about what the program does.

- `-V`

  Display version information and exit.

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