Chapter 24. Extending MySQL
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## Chapter 24. Extending MySQL

## 24.1. MySQL Internals

This chapter describes a lot of things that you need to know when working on the MySQL code. If you plan to contribute to MySQL development, want to have access to the bleeding-edge versions of the code, or just want to keep track of development, follow the instructions in Section 2.4.14.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”. If you are interested in MySQL internals, you should also subscribe to our `internals` mailing list. This list has relatively low traffic. For details on how to subscribe, please see Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. All developers at MySQL AB are on the `internals` list and we help other people who are working on the MySQL code. Feel free to use this list both to ask questions about the code and to send patches that you would like to contribute to the MySQL project!

### 24.1.1. MySQL Threads

The MySQL server creates the following threads:

- One thread manages TCP/IP file connection requests and creates a new dedicated thread to handle the authentication and SQL statement processing for each connection. (On Unix, this thread also manages Unix socket file connection requests.) On Windows, a similar thread manages shared-memory connection requests, and on Windows NT-based systems, a thread manages named-pipe connection requests. Every client connection has its own thread, although the manager threads try to avoid creating threads by consulting the thread cache first to see whether a cached thread can be used for a new connection.

- On Windows NT, there is a named pipe handler thread that does the same work as the TCP/IP connection thread on named pipe connect requests.

- On a master replication server, slave server connections are like client connections: There is one thread per connected slave.

- On a slave replication server, an I/O thread is started to connect to the master server and read updates from it. An SQL thread is started to apply updates read from the master. These two threads run independently and can be started and stopped independently.

- The signal thread handles all signals. This thread also normally handles alarms and calls `process_alarm()` to force timeouts on connections that have been idle too long.

- If mysqld is compiled with `-DUSE_ALARM_THREAD`, a dedicated thread that handles alarms is created. This is only used on some systems where there are problems with `sigwait()` or if you want to use the `thr_alarm()` code in your application without a dedicated signal handling thread.

- If the server is started with the `--flush_time=`val`` option, a dedicated thread is created to flush all tables every `val` seconds.

- Each table for which `INSERT DELAYED` statements are issued gets its own thread.

mysqladmin processlist only shows the connection, `INSERT DELAYED`, and replication threads.

### 24.1.2. MySQL Test Suite

The test system that is included in Unix source and binary distributions makes it possible for users and developers to perform regression tests on the MySQL code. These tests can be run on Unix.

The current set of test cases doesn't test everything in MySQL, but it should catch most obvious bugs in the SQL processing code, operating system or library issues, and is quite thorough in testing replication. Our goal is to have the tests cover 100% of the code. We welcome contributions to our test suite. You may especially want to contribute tests that examine the functionality critical to your system because this ensures that all future MySQL releases work well with your applications.

The test system consists of a test language interpreter (mysqltest), a shell script to run all tests (mysql-test-run), the actual test cases written in a special test language, and their expected results. To run the test suite on your system after a build, type make test from the source root directory, or change location to the `mysql-test` directory and type ./mysql-test-run. If you have installed a binary distribution, change location to the `mysql-test` directory under the installation root directory (for example, `/usr/local/mysql/mysql-test`), and run ./mysql-test-run. All tests should succeed. If any do not, you should try to find out why and report the problem if it indicates a bug in MySQL. See Section 1.8, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

If one test fails, you should run mysql-test-run with the `--force` option to check whether any other tests fail.

If you have a copy of mysqld running on the machine where you want to run the test suite, you do not have to stop it, as long as it is not using ports `9306` or `9307`. If either of those ports is taken, you should edit mysql-test-run and change the values of the master or slave port to one that is available.

In the `mysql-test` directory, you can run an individual test case with ./mysql-test-run `test_name`.

You can use the mysqltest language to write your own test cases. This is documented in the MySQL Test Framework manual, available at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

If you have a question about the test suite, or have a test case to contribute, send an email message to the MySQL `internals` mailing list. See Section 1.7.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. This list does not accept attachments, so you should FTP all the relevant files to: ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/upload/

## 24.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL

There are two ways to add new functions to MySQL:

- You can add functions through the user-defined function (UDF) interface. User-defined functions are compiled as object files and then added to and removed from the server dynamically using the `CREATE FUNCTION` and `DROP FUNCTION` statements. See Section 24.2.2, “`CREATE FUNCTION` Syntax”.

- You can add functions as native (built-in) MySQL functions. Native functions are compiled into the mysqld server and become available on a permanent basis.

Each method has advantages and disadvantages:

- If you write user-defined functions, you must install object files in addition to the server itself. If you compile your function into the server, you don't need to do that.

- Native functions require you to modify a source distribution. UDFs do not. You can add UDFs to a binary MySQL distribution. No access to MySQL source is necessary.

- If you upgrade your MySQL distribution, you can continue to use your previously installed UDFs, unless you upgrade to a newer version for which the UDF interface changes. For native functions, you must repeat your modifications each time you upgrade.

Whichever method you use to add new functions, they can be invoked in SQL statements just like native functions such as `ABS()` or `SOUNDEX()`.

Another way to add functions is by creating stored functions. These are written using SQL statements rather than by compiling object code. The syntax for writing stored functions is described in Chapter 17, Stored Procedures and Functions.

See Section 9.2.3, “Function Name Parsing and Resolution”, for the rules describing how the server interprets references to different kinds of functions.

The following sections describe features of the UDF interface, provide instructions for writing UDFs, discuss security precautions that MySQL takes to prevent UDF misuse, and describe how to add native mySQL functions.

For example source code that illustrates how to write UDFs, take a look at the `sql/udf_example.c` file that is provided in MySQL source distributions.

### 24.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

The MySQL interface for user-defined functions provides the following features and capabilities:

- Functions can return string, integer, or real values.

- You can define simple functions that operate on a single row at a time, or aggregate functions that operate on groups of rows.

- Information is provided to functions that enables them to check the number and types of the arguments passed to them.

- You can tell MySQL to coerce arguments to a given type before passing them to a function.

- You can indicate that a function returns `NULL` or that an error occurred.

### 24.2.2. `CREATE FUNCTION` Syntax

    CREATE [AGGREGATE] FUNCTION function_name RETURNS {STRING|INTEGER|REAL|DECIMAL}
        SONAME shared_library_name

A user-defined function (UDF) is a way to extend MySQL with a new function that works like a native (built-in) MySQL function such as `ABS()` or `CONCAT()`.

`function_name` is the name that should be used in SQL statements to invoke the function. The `RETURNS` clause indicates the type of the function's return value. As of MySQL 5.0.3, `DECIMAL` is a legal value after `RETURNS`, but currently `DECIMAL` functions return string values and should be written like `STRING` functions.

`shared_library_name` is the basename of the shared object file that contains the code that implements the function. The file must be located in a directory that is searched by your system's dynamic linker.

To create a function, you must have the `INSERT` and privilege for the `mysql` database. This is necessary because `CREATE FUNCTION` adds a row to the `mysql.func` system table that records the function's name, type, and shared library name. If you do not have this table, you should run the mysql_upgrade command to create it. See Section 5.6.3, “mysql_upgrade — Check Tables for MySQL Upgrade”.

An active function is one that has been loaded with `CREATE FUNCTION` and not removed with `DROP FUNCTION`. All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the `--skip-grant-tables` option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable.

For instructions on writing user-defined functions, see Section 24.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”. For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ (or another language that can use C calling conventions), your operating system must support dynamic loading and you must have compiled mysqld dynamically (not statically).

An `AGGREGATE` function works exactly like a native MySQL aggregate (summary) function such as `SUM` or `COUNT()`. For `AGGREGATE` to work, your `mysql.func` table must contain a `type` column. If your `mysql.func` table does not have this column, you should run the mysql_upgrade program to create it (see Section 5.6.3, “mysql_upgrade — Check Tables for MySQL Upgrade”).

### 24.2.3. `DROP FUNCTION` Syntax

    DROP FUNCTION function_name

This statement drops the user-defined function (UDF) named `function_name`.

To drop a function, you must have the `DELETE` privilege for the `mysql` database. This is because `DROP FUNCTION` removes a row from the `mysql.func` system table that records the function's name, type, and shared library name.

### 24.2.4. Adding a New User-Defined Function

For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ (or another language that can use C calling conventions), and your operating system must support dynamic loading. The MySQL source distribution includes a file `sql/udf_example.c` that defines 5 new functions. Consult this file to see how UDF calling conventions work. UDF-related symbols and data structures are defined in the `include/mysql_com.h` header file. (You need not include this header file directly because it is included by `mysql.h`.)

A UDF contains code that becomes part of the running server, so when you write a UDF, you are bound by any and all constraints that otherwise apply to writing server code. For example, you may have problems if you attempt to use functions from the `libstdc++` library. Note that these constraints may change in future versions of the server, so it is possible that server upgrades will require revisions to UDFs that were originally written for older servers. For information about these constraints, see Section 2.4.14.2, “Typical configure Options”, and Section 2.4.14.4, “Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL”.

To be able to use UDFs, you need to link mysqld dynamically. Don't configure MySQL using `--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static`. If you want to use a UDF that needs to access symbols from mysqld (for example, the `metaphone` function in `sql/udf_example.c` that uses `default_charset_info`), you must link the program with `-rdynamic` (see `man dlopen`). If you plan to use UDFs, the rule of thumb is to configure MySQL with `--with-mysqld-ldflags=-rdynamic` unless you have a very good reason not to.

If you must use a precompiled distribution of MySQL, use MySQL-Max, which contains a dynamically linked server that supports dynamic loading.

For each function that you want to use in SQL statements, you should define corresponding C (or C++) functions. In the following discussion, the name “xxx” is used for an example function name. To distinguish between SQL and C/C++ usage, `XXX()` (uppercase) indicates an SQL function call, and `xxx()` (lowercase) indicates a C/C++ function call.

The C/C++ functions that you write to implement the interface for `XXX()` are:

- `xxx()` (required)

  The main function. This is where the function result is computed. The correspondence between the SQL function data type and the return type of your C/C++ function is shown here:

  SQL Type | C/C++ Type
  `STRING` | `char *`
  `INTEGER` | `long long`
  `REAL` | `double`

  It is also possible to declare a `DECIMAL` function, but currently the value is returned as a string, so you should write the UDF as though it were a `STRING` function. `ROW` functions are not implemented.

- `xxx_init()` (optional)

  The initialization function for `xxx()`. It can be used for the following purposes:

  - To check the number of arguments to `XXX()`.

  - To check that the arguments are of a required type or, alternatively, to tell MySQL to coerce arguments to the types you want when the main function is called.

  - To allocate any memory required by the main function.

  - To specify the maximum length of the result.

  - To specify (for `REAL` functions) the maximum number of decimal places in the result.

  - To specify whether the result can be `NULL`.

- `xxx_deinit()` (optional)

  The deinitialization function for `xxx()`. It should deallocate any memory allocated by the initialization function.

When an SQL statement invokes `XXX()`, MySQL calls the initialization function `xxx_init()` to let it perform any required setup, such as argument checking or memory allocation. If `xxx_init()` returns an error, MySQL aborts the SQL statement with an error message and does not call the main or deinitialization functions. Otherwise, MySQL calls the main function `xxx()` once for each row. After all rows have been processed, MySQL calls the deinitialization function `xxx_deinit()` so that it can perform any required cleanup.

For aggregate functions that work like `SUM()`, you must also provide the following functions:

- `xxx_clear()` (required in 5.0)

  Reset the current aggregate value but do not insert the argument as the initial aggregate value for a new group.

- `xxx_add()` (required)

  Add the argument to the current aggregate value.

MySQL handles aggregate UDFs as follows:

1. Call `xxx_init()` to let the aggregate function allocate any memory it needs for storing results.

2. Sort the table according to the `GROUP BY` expression.

3. Call `xxx_clear()` for the first row in each new group.

4. Call `xxx_add()` for each new row that belongs in the same group.

5. Call `xxx()` to get the result for the aggregate when the group changes or after the last row has been processed.

6. Repeat 3-5 until all rows has been processed

7. Call `xxx_deinit()` to let the UDF free any memory it has allocated.

All functions must be thread-safe. This includes not just the main function, but the initialization and deinitialization functions as well, and also the additional functions required by aggregate functions. A consequence of this requirement is that you are not allowed to allocate any global or static variables that change! If you need memory, you should allocate it in `xxx_init()` and free it in `xxx_deinit()`.

#### 24.2.4.1. UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions

This section describes the different functions that you need to define when you create a simple UDF. Section 24.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”, describes the order in which MySQL calls these functions.

The main `xxx()` function should be declared as shown in this section. Note that the return type and parameters differ, depending on whether you declare the SQL function `XXX()` to return `STRING`, `INTEGER`, or `REAL` in the `CREATE FUNCTION` statement:

For `STRING` functions:

    char *xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
              char *result, unsigned long *length,
              char *is_null, char *error);

For `INTEGER` functions:

    long long xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                  char *is_null, char *error);

For `REAL` functions:

    double xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                  char *is_null, char *error);

`DECIMAL` functions return string values and should be declared the same way as `STRING` functions. `ROW` functions are not implemented.

The initialization and deinitialization functions are declared like this:

    my_bool xxx_init(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *message);

    void xxx_deinit(UDF_INIT *initid);

The `initid` parameter is passed to all three functions. It points to a `UDF_INIT` structure that is used to communicate information between functions. The `UDF_INIT` structure members follow. The initialization function should fill in any members that it wishes to change. (To use the default for a member, leave it unchanged.)

- `my_bool maybe_null`

  `xxx_init()` should set `maybe_null` to `1` if `xxx()` can return `NULL`. The default value is `1` if any of the arguments are declared `maybe_null`.

- `unsigned int decimals`

  The number of decimal digits to the right of the decimal point. The default value is the maximum number of decimal digits in the arguments passed to the main function. (For example, if the function is passed `1.34`, `1.345`, and `1.3`, the default would be 3, because `1.345` has 3 decimal digits.

- `unsigned int max_length`

  The maximum length of the result. The default `max_length` value differs depending on the result type of the function. For string functions, the default is the length of the longest argument. For integer functions, the default is 21 digits. For real functions, the default is 13 plus the number of decimal digits indicated by `initid->decimals`. (For numeric functions, the length includes any sign or decimal point characters.)

  If you want to return a blob value, you can set `max_length` to 65KB or 16MB. This memory is not allocated, but the value is used to decide which data type to use if there is a need to temporarily store the data.

- `char *ptr`

  A pointer that the function can use for its own purposes. For example, functions can use `initid->ptr` to communicate allocated memory among themselves. `xxx_init()` should allocate the memory and assign it to this pointer:

      initid->ptr = allocated_memory;

  In `xxx()` and `xxx_deinit()`, refer to `initid->ptr` to use or deallocate the memory.

- `my_bool const_item`

  `xxx_init()` should set `const_item` to `1` if `xxx()` always returns the same value and to `0` otherwise.

#### 24.2.4.2. UDF Calling Sequences for Aggregate Functions

This section describes the different functions that you need to define when you create an aggregate UDF. Section 24.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”, describes the order in which MySQL calls these functions.

- `xxx_reset()`

  This function is called when MySQL finds the first row in a new group. It should reset any internal summary variables and then use the given `UDF_ARGS` argument as the first value in your internal summary value for the group. Declare `xxx_reset()` as follows:

      char *xxx_reset(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                      char *is_null, char *error);

  `xxx_reset()` is not needed or used in MySQL 5.0, in which the UDF interface uses `xxx_clear()` instead. However, you can define both `xxx_reset()` and `xxx_clear()` if you want to have your UDF work with older versions of the server. (If you do include both functions, the `xxx_reset()` function in many cases can be implemented internally by calling `xxx_clear()` to reset all variables, and then calling `xxx_add()` to add the `UDF_ARGS` argument as the first value in the group.)

- `xxx_clear()`

  This function is called when MySQL needs to reset the summary results. It is called at the beginning for each new group but can also be called to reset the values for a query where there were no matching rows. Declare `xxx_clear()` as follows:

      char *xxx_clear(UDF_INIT *initid, char *is_null, char *error);

  `is_null` is set to point to `CHAR(0)` before calling `xxx_clear()`.

  If something went wrong, you can store a value in the variable to which the `error` argument points. `error` points to a single-byte variable, not to a string buffer.

  `xxx_clear()` is required by MySQL 5.0.

- `xxx_add()`

  This function is called for all rows that belong to the same group, except for the first row. You should use it to add the value in the `UDF_ARGS` argument to your internal summary variable.

      char *xxx_add(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                    char *is_null, char *error);

The `xxx()` function for an aggregate UDF should be declared the same way as for a non-aggregate UDF. See Section 24.2.4.1, “UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions”.

For an aggregate UDF, MySQL calls the `xxx()` function after all rows in the group have been processed. You should normally never access its `UDF_ARGS` argument here but instead return a value based on your internal summary variables.

Return value handling in `xxx()` should be done the same way as for a non-aggregate UDF. See Section 24.2.4.4, “UDF Return Values and Error Handling”.

The `xxx_reset()` and `xxx_add()` functions handle their `UDF_ARGS` argument the same way as functions for non-aggregate UDFs. See Section 24.2.4.3, “UDF Argument Processing”.

The pointer arguments to `is_null` and `error` are the same for all calls to `xxx_reset()`, `xxx_clear()`, `xxx_add()` and `xxx()`. You can use this to remember that you got an error or whether the `xxx()` function should return `NULL`. You should not store a string into `*error`! `error` points to a single-byte variable, not to a string buffer.

`*is_null` is reset for each group (before calling `xxx_clear()`). `*error` is never reset.

If `*is_null` or `*error` are set when `xxx()` returns, MySQL returns `NULL` as the result for the group function.

#### 24.2.4.3. UDF Argument Processing

The `args` parameter points to a `UDF_ARGS` structure that has the members listed here:

- `unsigned int arg_count`

  The number of arguments. Check this value in the initialization function if you require your function to be called with a particular number of arguments. For example:

      if (args->arg_count != 2)
      {
          strcpy(message,"XXX() requires two arguments");
          return 1;
      }

- `enum Item_result *arg_type`

  A pointer to an array containing the types for each argument. The possible type values are `STRING_RESULT`, `INT_RESULT`, `REAL_RESULT`, and `DECIMAL_RESULT`.

  To make sure that arguments are of a given type and return an error if they are not, check the `arg_type` array in the initialization function. For example:

      if (args->arg_type[0] != STRING_RESULT ||
          args->arg_type[1] != INT_RESULT)
      {
          strcpy(message,"XXX() requires a string and an integer");
          return 1;
      }

  Arguments of type `DECIMAL_RESULT` are passed as strings, so you should handle them like `STRING_RESULT` values.

  As an alternative to requiring your function's arguments to be of particular types, you can use the initialization function to set the `arg_type` elements to the types you want. This causes MySQL to coerce arguments to those types for each call to `xxx()`. For example, to specify that the first two arguments should be coerced to string and integer, respectively, do this in `xxx_init()`:

      args->arg_type[0] = STRING_RESULT;
      args->arg_type[1] = INT_RESULT;

  Exact-value decimal arguments such as `1.3` or `DECIMAL` column values are passed with a type of `DECIMAL_RESULT`. However, the values are passed as strings. If you want to receive a number, use the initialization function to specify that the argument should be coerced to a `REAL_RESULT` value:

      args->arg_type[2] = REAL_RESULT;

  Note: Prior to MySQL 5.0.3, decimal arguments were passed as `REAL_RESULT` values. If you upgrade to a newer version and find that your UDF now receives string values, use the initialization function to coerce the arguments to numbers as just described.

- `char **args`

  `args->args` communicates information to the initialization function about the general nature of the arguments passed to your function. For a constant argument `i`, `args->args[i]` points to the argument value. (See below for instructions on how to access the value properly.) For a non-constant argument, `args->args[i]` is `0`. A constant argument is an expression that uses only constants, such as `3` or `4*7-2` or `SIN(3.14)`. A non-constant argument is an expression that refers to values that may change from row to row, such as column names or functions that are called with non-constant arguments.

  For each invocation of the main function, `args->args` contains the actual arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed.

  If argument `i` represents `NULL`, `args->args[i]` is a null pointer (0). If the argument is not `NULL`, functions can refer to it as follows:

  - An argument of type `STRING_RESULT` is given as a string pointer plus a length, to allow handling of binary data or data of arbitrary length. The string contents are available as `args->args[i]` and the string length is `args->lengths[i]`. You should not assume that strings are null-terminated.

  - For an argument of type `INT_RESULT`, you must cast `args->args[i]` to a `long long` value:

        long long int_val;
        int_val = *((long long*) args->args[i]);

  - For an argument of type `REAL_RESULT`, you must cast `args->args[i]` to a `double` value:

        double    real_val;
        real_val = *((double*) args->args[i]);

  - For an argument of type `DECIMAL_RESULT`, the value is passed as a string and should be handled like a `STRING_RESULT` value.

  - `ROW_RESULT` arguments are not implemented.

- `unsigned long *lengths`

  For the initialization function, the `lengths` array indicates the maximum string length for each argument. You should not change these. For each invocation of the main function, `lengths` contains the actual lengths of any string arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed. For arguments of types `INT_RESULT` or `REAL_RESULT`, `lengths` still contains the maximum length of the argument (as for the initialization function).

#### 24.2.4.4. UDF Return Values and Error Handling

The initialization function should return `0` if no error occurred and `1` otherwise. If an error occurs, `xxx_init()` should store a null-terminated error message in the `message` parameter. The message is returned to the client. The message buffer is `MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE` characters long, but you should try to keep the message to less than 80 characters so that it fits the width of a standard terminal screen.

The return value of the main function `xxx()` is the function value, for `long long` and `double` functions. A string function should return a pointer to the result and set `*result` and `*length` to the contents and length of the return value. For example:

    memcpy(result, "result string", 13);
    *length = 13;

The `result` buffer that is passed to the `xxx()` function is 255 bytes long. If your result fits in this, you don't have to worry about memory allocation for results.

If your string function needs to return a string longer than 255 bytes, you must allocate the space for it with `malloc()` in your `xxx_init()` function or your `xxx()` function and free it in your `xxx_deinit()` function. You can store the allocated memory in the `ptr` slot in the `UDF_INIT` structure for reuse by future `xxx()` calls. See Section 24.2.4.1, “UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions”.

To indicate a return value of `NULL` in the main function, set `*is_null` to `1`:

    *is_null = 1;

To indicate an error return in the main function, set `*error` to `1`:

    *error = 1;

If `xxx()` sets `*error` to `1` for any row, the function value is `NULL` for the current row and for any subsequent rows processed by the statement in which `XXX()` was invoked. (`xxx()` is not even called for subsequent rows.)

#### 24.2.4.5. Compiling and Installing User-Defined Functions

Files implementing UDFs must be compiled and installed on the host where the server runs. This process is described below for the example UDF file `sql/udf_example.c` that is included in the MySQL source distribution.

The immediately following instructions are for Unix. Instructions for Windows are given later in this section.

The `udf_example.c` file contains the following functions:

- `metaphon()` returns a metaphon string of the string argument. This is something like a soundex string, but it's more tuned for English.

- `myfunc_double()` returns the sum of the ASCII values of the characters in its arguments, divided by the sum of the length of its arguments.

- `myfunc_int()` returns the sum of the length of its arguments.

- `sequence([const int])` returns a sequence starting from the given number or 1 if no number has been given.

- `lookup()` returns the IP number for a hostname.

- `reverse_lookup()` returns the hostname for an IP number. The function may be called either with a single string argument of the form `'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx'` or with four numbers.

A dynamically loadable file should be compiled as a sharable object file, using a command something like this:

    shell> gcc -shared -o udf_example.so udf_example.c

If you are using gcc with configure and libtool (which is how MySQL is configured), you should be able to create `udf_example.so` with a simpler command:

    shell> make udf_example.la

After you compile a shared object containing UDFs, you must install it and tell MySQL about it. Compiling a shared object from `udf_example.c` using gcc directly produces a file named `udf_example.so`. Compiling the shared object using make produces a file named something like `udf_example.so.0.0.0` in the `.libs` directory (the exact name may vary from platform to platform). Copy the shared object to some directory such as `/usr/lib` that is searched by your system's dynamic (runtime) linker, or add the directory in which you placed the shared object to the linker configuration file (for example, `/etc/ld.so.conf`).

The dynamic linker name is system-specific (for example, ld-elf.so.1 on FreeBSD, ld.so on Linux, or dyld on Mac OS X). Consult your system documentation for information about the linker name and how to configure it.

On many systems, you can also set the `LD_LIBRARY` or `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` environment variable to point at the directory where you have the files for your UDF. The `dlopen` manual page tells you which variable you should use on your system. You should set this in mysql.server or mysqld_safe startup scripts and restart mysqld.

On some systems, the ldconfig program that configures the dynamic linker does not recognize a shared object unless its name begins with `lib`. In this case you should rename a file such as `udf_example.so` to `libudf_example.so`.

On Windows, you can compile user-defined functions by using the following procedure:

1. You need to obtain the BitKeeper source repository for MySQL 5.0. See Section 2.4.14.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”.

2. You must obtain the CMake build utility from http://www.cmake.org. (Version 2.4.2 or later is required).

3. In the source repository, look in the `sql` directory. There are files named `udf_example.def` `udf_example.c` there. Copy both files from this directory to your working directory.

4. Create a CMake `makefile` with these contents:

       PROJECT(udf_example)

       # Path for MySQL include directory
       INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES("c:/mysql/include")

       ADD_DEFINITIONS("-DHAVE_DLOPEN")
       ADD_LIBRARY(udf_example MODULE udf_example.c udf_example.def)
       TARGET_LINK_LIBRARIES(udf_example wsock32)

5. Create the VC project and solution files:

       cmake -G "<Generator>"

   Invoking cmake --help shows you a list of valid Generators.

6. Create `udf_example.dll`:

       devenv udf_example.sln /build Release

After the shared object file has been installed, notify mysqld about the new functions with these statements:

    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_double RETURNS REAL SONAME 'udf_example.so';
    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_int RETURNS INTEGER SONAME 'udf_example.so';
    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
    mysql> CREATE FUNCTION reverse_lookup
        ->        RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
    mysql> CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION avgcost
        ->        RETURNS REAL SONAME 'udf_example.so';

Functions can be deleted using `DROP FUNCTION`:

    mysql> DROP FUNCTION metaphon;
    mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_double;
    mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_int;
    mysql> DROP FUNCTION lookup;
    mysql> DROP FUNCTION reverse_lookup;
    mysql> DROP FUNCTION avgcost;

The `CREATE FUNCTION` and `DROP FUNCTION` statements update the `func` system table in the `mysql` database. The function's name, type and shared library name are saved in the table. You must have the `INSERT` and `DELETE` privileges for the `mysql` database to create and drop functions.

You should not use `CREATE FUNCTION` to add a function that has previously been created. If you need to reinstall a function, you should remove it with `DROP FUNCTION` and then reinstall it with `CREATE FUNCTION`. You would need to do this, for example, if you recompile a new version of your function, so that mysqld gets the new version. Otherwise, the server continues to use the old version.

An active function is one that has been loaded with `CREATE FUNCTION` and not removed with `DROP FUNCTION`. All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the `--skip-grant-tables` option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable.

#### 24.2.4.6. User-Defined Function Security Precautions

MySQL takes the following measures to prevent misuse of user-defined functions.

You must have the `INSERT` privilege to be able to use `CREATE FUNCTION` and the `DELETE` privilege to be able to use `DROP FUNCTION`. This is necessary because these statements add and delete rows from the `mysql.func` table.

UDFs should have at least one symbol defined in addition to the `xxx` symbol that corresponds to the main `xxx()` function. These auxiliary symbols correspond to the `xxx_init()`, `xxx_deinit()`, `xxx_reset()`, `xxx_clear()`, and `xxx_add()` functions. As of MySQL 5.0.3, mysqld supports an `--allow-suspicious-udfs` option that controls whether UDFs that have only an `xxx` symbol can be loaded. By default, the option is off, to prevent attempts at loading functions from shared object files other than those containing legitimate UDFs. If you have older UDFs that contain only the `xxx` symbol and that cannot be recompiled to include an auxiliary symbol, it may be necessary to specify the `--allow-suspicious-udfs` option. Otherwise, you should avoid enabling this capability.

UDF object files cannot be placed in arbitrary directories. They must be located in some system directory that the dynamic linker is configured to search. To enforce this restriction and prevent attempts at specifying pathnames outside of directories searched by the dynamic linker, MySQL checks the shared object file name specified in `CREATE FUNCTION` statements for pathname delimiter characters. As of MySQL 5.0.3, MySQL also checks for pathname delimiters in filenames stored in the `mysql.func` table when it loads functions. This prevents attempts at specifying illegitimate pathnames through direct manipulation of the `mysql.func` table. For information about UDFs and the runtime linker, see Section 24.2.4.5, “Compiling and Installing User-Defined Functions”.

### 24.2.5. Adding a New Native Function

The procedure for adding a new native function is described here. Note that you cannot add native functions to a binary distribution because the procedure involves modifying MySQL source code. You must compile MySQL yourself from a source distribution. Also note that if you migrate to another version of MySQL (for example, when a new version is released), you need to repeat the procedure with the new version.

To add a new native MySQL function, follow these steps:

1. Add one line to `lex.h` that defines the function name in the `sql_functions[]` array.

2. If the function prototype is simple (just takes zero, one, two or three arguments), you should in `lex.h` specify `SYM(FUNC_ARG`N`)` (where `N` is the number of arguments) as the second argument in the `sql_functions[]` array and add a function that creates a function object in `item_create.cc`. Take a look at `"ABS"` and `create_funcs_abs()` for an example of this.

   If the function prototype is complicated (for example, if it takes a variable number of arguments), you should add two lines to `sql_yacc.yy`. One indicates the preprocessor symbol that yacc should define (this should be added at the beginning of the file). Then define the function parameters and add an “item” with these parameters to the `simple_expr` parsing rule. For an example, check all occurrences of `ATAN` in `sql_yacc.yy` to see how this is done.

3. In `item_func.h`, declare a class inheriting from `Item_num_func` or `Item_str_func`, depending on whether your function returns a number or a string.

4. In `item_func.cc`, add one of the following declarations, depending on whether you are defining a numeric or string function:

       double   Item_func_newname::val()
       longlong Item_func_newname::val_int()
       String  *Item_func_newname::Str(String *str)

   If you inherit your object from any of the standard items (like `Item_num_func`), you probably only have to define one of these functions and let the parent object take care of the other functions. For example, the `Item_str_func` class defines a `val()` function that executes `atof()` on the value returned by `::str()`.

5. You should probably also define the following object function:

       void Item_func_newname::fix_length_and_dec()

   This function should at least calculate `max_length` based on the given arguments. `max_length` is the maximum number of characters the function may return. This function should also set `maybe_null = 0` if the main function can't return a `NULL` value. The function can check whether any of the function arguments can return `NULL` by checking the arguments' `maybe_null` variable. You can take a look at `Item_func_mod::fix_length_and_dec` for a typical example of how to do this.

All functions must be thread-safe. In other words, don't use any global or static variables in the functions without protecting them with mutexes)

If you want to return `NULL`, from `::val()`, `::val_int()` or `::str()` you should set `null_value` to 1 and return 0.

For `::str()` object functions, there are some additional considerations to be aware of:

- The `String *str` argument provides a string buffer that may be used to hold the result. (For more information about the `String` type, take a look at the `sql_string.h` file.)

- The `::str()` function should return the string that holds the result or `(char*) 0` if the result is `NULL`.

- All current string functions try to avoid allocating any memory unless absolutely necessary!

## 24.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL

In MySQL, you can define a procedure in C++ that can access and modify the data in a query before it is sent to the client. The modification can be done on a row-by-row or `GROUP BY` level.

We have created an example procedure to show you what can be done.

Additionally, we recommend that you take a look at `mylua`. With this you can use the LUA language to load a procedure at runtime into mysqld.

### 24.3.1. Procedure Analyse

`analyse([`max_elements`[,`max_memory`]])`

This procedure is defined in the `sql/sql_analyse.cc` file. It examines the result from a query and returns an analysis of the results that suggests optimal data types for each column. To obtain this analysis, append `PROCEDURE ANALYSE` to the end of a `SELECT` statement:

    SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ... PROCEDURE ANALYSE([max_elements,[max_memory]])

For example:

    SELECT col1, col2 FROM table1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE(10, 2000);

The results show some statistics for the values returned by the query, and propose an optimal data type for the columns. This can be helpful for checking your existing tables, or after importing new data. You may need to try different settings for the arguments so that `PROCEDURE ANALYSE()` does not suggest the `ENUM` data type when it is not appropriate.

The arguments are optional and are used as follows:

- `max_elements` (default 256) is the maximum number of distinct values that `analyse` notices per column. This is used by `analyse` to check whether the optimal data type should be of type `ENUM`.

- `max_memory` (default 8192) is the maximum amount of memory that `analyse` should allocate per column while trying to find all distinct values.

### 24.3.2. Writing a Procedure

For the moment, the only documentation for this is the source.

You can find all information about procedures by examining the following files:

- `sql/sql_analyse.cc`

- `sql/procedure.h`

- `sql/procedure.cc`

- `sql/sql_select.cc`

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